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REPORT 



ON THE 



INJURIOUS INSECTS 

AND OTHER 

ANIMALS 

OBSERVED IN THE MIDLAND COUNTIES 

DURING 1907. 



BY 

WALTER E. COLLINGE. M.Sc, F.L.S., F.E.S.. 

Foreign Member of the Association of Economic Entomologists, Washington, U.S.A. ; 

Honorary Secretary of the Association of Economic Biologists ; Editor of the 

" Journal of Economic Biology " ; Honorary Consulting Zoologist to the 

Land Agents' Society, and the Midland Reafforesling Association ; 

Honorary Consulting Biologist to the Warwickshire Agricultural 

Society ; and Special Lecturer on Economic Zoology 

in the Universitu of Birmingham. 



FIFTH REPORT. 

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1908. 

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Map Showing Midland Counties. 



REPORT 



ON THE 



INJURIOUS INSECTS 

AND OTHER 

ANIMALS 

OBSERVED IN THE MIDLAND COUNTIES 

DURING 1907. 



BY 

WALTER E. COLLINGE, M.Sc, F.L.S., F.E.S., 

Foreign Member of the Association of Economic Entomologists, Washington, U.S.A. ; 

Honorary Secretary of the Association of Economic Biologists ; Editor of the 

" Journal of Economic Biology " ; Honorary Consulting Zoologist to the 

Land Agents' Society, and the Midland Reafforesting Association ; 

Honorary Consulting Biologist to the Warwickshire Agricultural 

Society ; and Special Lecturer on Economic Zoology 

in the University of Birmingham. 



FIFTH REPORT. 

ILLUSTRATED. 



BIRMINGHAM : 

CORNISH BROS., LTD. 

1908. 



[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.] 




PRCPACE. 



In issuing a Fifth Report on the Injurious Insects and other 
Animals of the Midland Counties of England, received from various 
correspondents during the year 1907, it is again my pleasant duty to 
acknowledge a Grant of ^10 from the County Councils of Derbyshire, 
Leicestershire, and Warwickshire, aiding the publication of this Report. 

As a Report on the Injurious Animals of the Midland Counties, 
this will be the last I shall issue. As is well known, I have felt 
compelled to resign my position in the University of Birmingham owing 
to the lack of adequate financial support and remuneration. Since that 
date I have been offered and have accepted the Directorship of the 
Cooper Research Laboratory, Berkhamsted, where, with a full and 
capable staff, a wider field for work presents itself, but my services will 
be as freely at the command of Midland agriculturists and fruit-growers 
as in the past. 

Further Reports will be of a more comprehensive nature, and 
will include accounts of Injurious Fungi, Animal Parasites, and Animal 
Diseases, in addition to the subjects dealt with in the present series 
of Reports. 

It is my privilege and pleasant duty to once again tender my 
thanks to that large band of Midland agriculturists and horticulturists, 
who have so willingly afforded me assistance, and to whom, I trust, I 
shall continue to be of some service in return. 

I am indebted to the courtesy of the Controller of His 
Majesty's Stationery Office and the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture 
and Fisheries for permission to use Figures 4, 7, and 9, all of which are 
from illustrations which have appeared in the Board's leaflets. 



WALTER E. COLLINGE. 



The University Department of Economic Zoology, 
55, Newhall Street, Birmingham, 
yantiary ^ist, igo8. 



CONTENTS. 



Introduction 

Investigations. 

Orchard Inspection. 

Publications. 

Lectures and Addresses. 

Injurious Fungi. (Illustration.) 

Report on Experiments with Insecticides and Fungicides. 
(Illustration.) ... 

Report on Experiments with the Black-Currant Gall-Mite, Eriophyes 
rihis (Nalepa). 

Report on Experiments with Eelworms. The Fumigation of the 
Soil. (Illustrations.) ... 

Report upon Insect Parasites of Insects. 

The Gooseberry Gall-Mite. Eriophyes grossulariae^ Cllge. 

The Bulb Mite. Rhizoglyphus echinopiis, F. & R. 

The Harvest Bug. Leptus aiitumnalis^ Shaw. 

The Pea and Bean Thrips. Thrips pisivora^ Westwood. 

The Brown Scale. Lecanium hemisphericum, Targ.-Tozz. 

The Brown Currant Scale. Lecanium persicae (Geoff.) var. corylii 
( JLiitin. ) ••• ■■■ ••• •■• ••• ••• 

Mealy Bugs. Daciylopius citri (Risso), and D.longispinus^ Targ.-Tozz 
(Illustration.) ... 

The Felted Beech Coccus. Cyrptococcusfagi^ Barensp. 

The Felted Ash Coccus. Apterococcus fraxini (Newstead). 



PAGE 

I 

2 

3 
3 
3 
4 



7 

lO 

17 

20 

20 
20 
21 
21 

22 

22 

23 
23 

23 



CONTENTS. 



The Hop Aphis. Phorodou linniith\ Schiank. 

The Willow Aphis. Lncliniis 7'imiiinlis, Fonsc. 

The Woolly Aphis. Schizoiicura Inni^cia, Hausni. (Illustration.) 

The Fruit Tree Root Louse. Schizoneuni fodieiis, Buckton. 

The Apple Sucker. Psylln iiiah\ Schm. (Illustration.) 

The Ash Psylla. Psylln fraxiin\ 

The May Bug. Pliylloperiha lioiiicohi, Linn. 

The Pea Beetle. Briiclnis pisi\ Linn. ... 

The Apple Blossom Weevil. Anthoiioiiiiis poiiionim, Linn 

The Cabbage Gall Weevil. CciilJiorliyiicliiis siilcicollis, Gyll 

The Turnip Seed Weevil. Cciilliorliyncliiis assiiiiilis, Payk. 

The Pine Weevil. Hylohiiis nhictis, Fabr. 

The Osier Weevil. Cryplorliyiicliiis Itipatlii, Linn. ... 

Willow Beetles. Phyllodccta vilellinac, Linn., etc. ... 

The Cigar Beetle. Lasiodcniia tcslaccn, DutY. 

The Wood Leopard Moth. Zcuzcra ncsaili, Linn. ... 

The Garden Swift Moth. Hipinliis Inpiiliiitis, Linn.... 

The Lappet Moth. Lasiocatiipa qucrcifolin, Linn. ... 

The Currant or Magpie Moth. Ahiiixiia i^rosaiiliultihi, Stcph 
(Illustration.) ... 

Tile Winter Moth. Cliciinnlohin hniinala^ Linn. (Illustration.) .. 

The Turnip Dart Moth. Afirolis sc^itiiiii, ^ch'id. 

The Heart and Dart Moth. Af^rolis cxihiiiuilionis, Linn. ... 

Tin- Great Yellow Underwing Moth. Tvipluicito proniihu, Linn 
(Illustration.) ... 



P.-VGE 

-M 

^4 
29 

-y 
30 

30 
31 
31 



31 



33 

34 
35 
35 

3^' 
3^' 
37 

3'^ 
3« 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

The Apple Leaf Miner. Lyonetia clerckella, Linn. ... ... ... 39 

The Apple Ermine Moth. Hyponomenta malinella, Zell. (lUustra- 

11011. ] •■• ••• ••• ••• ••■ ••• ••• •■• ^y 

The Raspberry Gall Fly. Lasioptera rtibi, Schrk. ... ... ... 41 

The Ash Cauliflower Gnat. Cecidomyia fraxinella^ Meade. ... 41 

The Willow Midge. Cecidoinyia rosaria^ Liv. ... ... ... 42 

The Pear Midge. Diplosis pyrivora, Riley. ... ... ... ... 42 

The Onion Fly. Phorbia ceparuiu, 'Bouche. ... ... ... ... 42 

The Frit Fly. Osa/n^s /r//, Linn. ... ... ... ... ... 43 

The Carrot Rust Fly. Psila rosae (Fabr.). ... ... ... ... 43 

The Gout Fly. Chlorops taeniopus, Meig. ... ... ... ... 44 

The Pea Leaf Miner. PJiytomysa pisi\ Kalt ... ... ... 45 

The Orchid Midge. Isosoiiia orchideariiin^ Westwood. ... ... 45 

The Yellow Wood Wasp. Sirex gigas^ Linn. ... ... ... 46 

The Pear Sawfly. Tenthredo cerasi^ Linn. ... ... ... ... 46 

Parasitic Diseases of Animals ... ... ... ... ... ... 48 

Red Worms. Sclerostomum armatum^ Duj. ... ... 48 

The Liver Fluke. Fasciola (Distomiim) hepatica (Linn.). 49 

The "Gid" Parasite. Taenia eaenurus, Kuch. ... ... 50 

Scabies (Mange) in Horses and Dogs. ... ... ... 5^ 

The Warble Fly. Hypoderma lineata (Villers). ... ... 52 

Hypoderma bovis (De Geer). ... ... 52 

The Sheep Fly. Lncilia sericata (Meigen). ... ... 54 

Lucilia caesar (Linn.). ... ... ... 54 

Appendix A. Instructions for using Hydrocyanic Acid Gas and 
Bisulphide of Carbon. 

Appendix B. 



56 

57 



LI5T OP ILLU5TRATION5. 



Map showing Midland Counties. Frontispiece. 

Fig. I. Fruit Bodies of Polyporus squamosiis on Elm 

Fig. 2. Unsprayed apples attacked by Scab. 

Fig. 3. Apples from the same orchard sprayed. ... 

Fig. 4. Branches from sprayed and unsprayed apple trees 

Fig. 5. Roots attacked by the Root-knot Eelworm. 

Fig. 6. Common Mealy Bug. 

Fig. 7. Apple Shoots attacked by the Woolly Aphis 

Fig. 8. The Apple Sucker (Psylla mali). ... 

Fig. 9. The Currant or Magpie Moth. 

Fig. 10. The Winter Moth 

Fig. II. The Turnip Dart Moth 

Fig. 12. The Great Yellow Under wing Moth. 

Fig. 13. Tent of the Apple Ermine Moth. ... 



PAGE 

6 
8 
8 

9 
i8 

22 

25 
29 

36 
37 
37 
38 
40 



REPORT 

ON THE 

Injurious Insects and other Animals 

Observed in the Midland Counties 
DURING 1907. 



" Otw agricultural interests demand protection from the numerous 
enemies which threaten them, and the indifference with which farmers^ 
requests have been listened to in the past is incompatible with that intelligence 
which should elevate his calling, and which is absolutely necessary to enable 
him to carry it on profitably." 

" At present he is beset with obstacles on every hand, and none but the 
well-informed are successful; for success in Agriculture and. Horticulture, 
to-day, implies knowledge — scientific knowledge." — Charles V. Riley. 

[5th Ann. Missouri Rpt. on Noxious, Beneficial Insects, 1873, p. 23.] 

" // is the study of the principles underlying insect life and control 
which flemishes a field for research, but little tilled, and with much virgin 
soil. . . . There are abundant opportunities for research of the highest 
order in entomology, strictly economic, and related to agriculture." 

E. DwiGHT Sanderson. 

[Proc. 19th Ann. Meeting Assoc. Econ. Entom., 1907, p. 77.] 

INTRODUCTION. 

During the year January 31st, 1907, to January 31st, 1908, one 
thousand eight hundred and seventy-five inquiries have been dealt 
with. Of these, sixteen hundred and twenty-three were connected 
with agricultural and garden pests, twenty-six referred to household 
or commercial pests, and two hundred and twenty-six specimens were 
sent in for identification. 



2 REPORT 0\ INJURIOUS INSECTS FOR I907. 

Applications for information were dealt with from the Board of 
Agriculture and Fisheries, the Bureau of Entomolog)* of the U.S. 
Department of Agriculture ; the Land Agents' Society ; the Midland 
Re-afforesting Association ; the Warwickshire Agricultural Society ; and 
the Agricultural and Educational Committees of various County 
Councils. 

In all two thousand and thirty-live written replies have been 
sent out. 

As compared with former years, for which details were kept, the 
figures are as follows : — 

1903 ... ... ... 189 inquiries. 

1904 325 M 

1905 ... ... ... 479 M 

1906 ... ... ... II7I ,, 

1907 ... ... ... 1^75 ') 

My hearty thanks are due to Messrs. H. Willoughby Ellis, F.E.S., 
A. H. Martineau, F.E.S., and Claude Morley, F.E.S., for various services 
rendered. 

The year 1907, proved, so far as animal pests were concerned, a 
great improvement upon its predecessor. This is partly accounted 
for by two facts, viz., the year was a very wet one, and also a 
considerable amount of careful winter spraying had been done in the 
winter of 1906-07. 

No particular pest has stood out conspicuously. In Worcestershire 
the larvae of the Wood Leopard Moth have done much harm to young 
fruit trees. A new pest to Gooseberries has been discovered, but 
fortunately, so far as I know, it is confined to one plantation. The 
Apple Sucker, the Winter Moth, and the Lackey Moth are still all 
too plentiful in all the Midland Counties. 

Eelworms, Wireworms, the May Bug, and the larvae of the 
Turnip Dart Moth have proved very injurious to root crops. 

The Felted Beech Coccus was found in Staffordshire. As I have 
pointed out in previous Reports, this pest is slowly but surely spreading 
throughout the country, and is likely ere long to prove very serious 
on landed estates where beech trees arc in any number. 

The Yellow Wood Wasp has been sent in troin numerous 
correspondents ami seems to have been unusually plentiful during 
1907. 

There is a decided increase of the Woolly Aphis. Some of the 
worst infestations I have ever seen have been noted during the past 
year. 

INVESTIOATIONS. 

During the past year the work on Insecticides has been continued, 
as also the experiments upon tiie Lime and Sulphur treatment for 



LECTURES AND ADDRESSES. 3 

the Black Currant Gall Mite, particulars of both of which will be 
found on pages 7 and 10 respectively. 

The experiments made with a view to finding a remedy for 
Eelworms have proved most successful, these are set forth in detail 
on page 17. 

ORCHARD INSPECTION. 

Many orchards in the Midland Counties have been inspected and 
recommendations made thereon. Although this work has entailed 
considerable labour and time, I have good reason to know that it has 
been fully appreciated, and that growers have profited by the oppor- 
tunity thus offered of discussing in the orchard the various pests and 
diseases, with which they had to contend. 

PUBLICATIONS. 

The following papers, etc., have been published : — 

1. A New Gooseberry Pest (Eriophyes grossiilariae). 

" Gardeners' Chronicle," p. 177, 1907. 

2. Some Insects Injurious to Barley and other grain when in Store. 

" Journ. Inst, of Brewing, 1907," vol. xiii, pp. 242-265. 

3. First Annual Report of the Honorary Consulting Zoologist. 

"Journ. Land Agents' Soc, 1907," vol. vi, 248-259, 3 figs. 

4. Report on the Injurious Insects and other Animals observed in the 

Midland Counties during 1906. 

Birmingham : Cornish Bros., Ltd. 

5. On the Eradication of the Black-Currant Gall-Mite. {Eriophyes 

ribis^ Nalepa. 
" U.S. Dept. Agric, Bur. of Entom., Bull. No. 67, 1907," pp. 1 19-123. 

6. The Application of Economic Biology to Agriculture. 

"Journ. Econ. Biology, 1907," vol. 2, pp. 96-106. 

LECTURES AND ADDRESSES. 

1907. 

1. Jan 23. Insects Useful and Injurious. 

Bournville Village Council. 

2. Jan. 28. The Protection of Injurious Wild Birds. 

Birmingham and Midland Counties Gardeners' 
Association. 

3. Feb. 13. Animal Pests of the Garden. 

The University. 

4. Feb. 15. The Principles and Practice of Plant Spraying. 

Evesham Fruit Pests Committee. 

5. Feb. 20. The Red " Spider" and other Mites. 

The University. ■ 



4 REPORT ON" INJURIOUS INSFXTS FOR IQOy. 



6. Feb. 27. Garden Friends and Foes. 

Rovdl Soiiclv of Ariisls, Birniin^^luiin. 
Feb. 27. Earwigs and Greenflies. 

Till- Univcrsily. 
Mar. T. British Gall-Mites. 

Vescy Club, Siiltoii Cohijichi. 
Mar. 7. Scale Insects and Ground Caterpillars. 

The L'liii'crsilv. 
Mar. 13. Leaf Minintf Insects and Saw-flies. 

The i'nlvcrsily. 
Mar. 15. The Spraying o£ Fruit Trees. 

Evesham Fniil Pest Coniinittee. 
Mar. 23. Some Parasites of Sheep and Cattle : Their Prevention 
and Cure. 

Wariciekshire Chamber of Agriculture. 
13. July 4. On the Ceciiiouiyidae or Gall-Midges. 

5/// Meeting of the Assoc. Economic Biologists held 
at the Imperial Institute^ London. 
Aug. 2. On the Rise and Recognition of Economic Biology. 



10 



II 



12 



14 
16 

18 
19 



British Association, Leicester Meeting. 

Aug. 29. Useful and Injurious Insects. 

Woolhopc Naturalists' Field Club. 

Oct. 10. Insects Injurious to Farm and Garden Crops. 

Kidderminster Horticultural Society. 

Oct. 17. The Application of Economic Biolog\' to Agriculture. 

Bristol University College. 

Nov. II. The Woolly Aphis and other Greenflies. 

Birmingham Microscopists' Union. 
Dec. 6. Some Common Garden Pests and How to Treat Them. 
Sutton Cold/ielii and Four Oaks Ladies' Gardening 
Club. 

INJURIOUS FUNGI. 

Although primarily concerned with .Viiinial Pests and .Animal 
Diseases, the Department has received numerou-; inquiries relating to 
injurious fungi. During 1907, there has been a large increase in tiie 
number of such inquiries, and it may therefore be of interest to 
schedule the more important diseases, which will be treated of later. 

Fruit Trees. 

Brown Rot {Sclerotinia frucligena, Pers.) 

Apple Scab or " Black Spot " (Fusictadium dendriticum, Fckl.). 

Pear Scab (Fiisicladium pirinum. Lib.). 



INJURIOUS FUNGI. 5 

Canker {Nedria ditissima (Tal.) ). 
Coral Spot [Nedria dnnaharina^ Fr.). 

Powdery Mildew of the Apple (Podosphaera leiicotricha, E. & E.). 
Cherry Leaf-Scorch [Gnouionia erythrostoiiia, Auersw.). 
American Gooseberry Mildew {Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (Schw.), 
Berk.). 

Currant Leaf Spot {Seploria ribis, Desm.). 

Peach Freckle {Cladosporiimi carpophihim (Thiim.) ). 

Peach Leaf-Curl {Exoasais deformans, Fckl.). 

Tomato, etc. 

Sleepy Disease of Tomato {Fiisariuiii lycopersid (Sacc.) ). 
Cucumber Leaf Blotch {Cercospora meloris (Cookej). 
Finger and Toe [Plasuwdiophora brassicae (Wor.) ). 
Heart Rot of Mangolds {Sphaerella tabifica (P. & D.) ). 
Potato Disease [Phytophora infestans (De Barry) ). 
Potato Scab {Oospora scabies (Fisch.) ). 
Yellow Wart Disease {Chrysophlyctis endobiotica, Sch.). 

Forest Trees. 

Saddle-Back Fungus [Polyporus squamosus, Huds.). 
Paving Block Fungus [Lentinus lepideiis, Fr.). 
Horse Chestnut Stereum (Stereum purpiireuin, Fries.). 
Honey Fungus of Pine {Agaricus mcUetLS, L.). 

Miscellaneous. 

Mint Rust {Pnccinia menthae (Pers.) ). 

Dry Rot {Merulius lacrymans, Fr.). 

White Mould in Violets {Raunilaria ladea, Desm.) ). 




Fig. I.— Fruit Bodies of I'olyf'onis Sqii.viiosus on Klin. (Alter Uiillcr.) 



EXPERIMENTS WITH INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. 



REPORT ON EXPERIMENTS WITH INSECTICIDES 

AND FUNGICIDES. 

Since the publication of my last Report much work has been 
carried out on insecticides and fungicides, both in the laboratory and 
in the orchard. 

Experiments with the lime and salt fluid, for killing the eggs of the 
Apple Sucker and Mussel Scale, have proved once and for all, so far as 
the writer is concerned, the uselessness of this sprayfluid. 

The mixture used was as follows : — 

Best White Lime ... ... ... i68 lbs. 

Agricultural Salt ... ... ... 30 lbs. 

Water ... ... ... ... 100 gallons. 

Very careful observations have been made upon the material in the 
laboratory and also upon the trees in the open. In the laboratory the 
highest percentage of eggs of the Apple Sucker destroyed was 42 per 
cent., and of Mussel Scale, 38 per cent. 

In the open the percentage must have been considerably less. 

The results obtained with the Vi and V2 Fluids continue most 
satisfactory. It is not too much to state that, to use the words of a 
grower, " they are transforming the orchards of this country." 

Very important results have been obtained with a mixture of the 
Vi and V2 Fluids and potassium sulphide, as a cure for the American 
Gooseberry Mildew. The potassium sulphide has been combined with 
both for the purposes of winter and summer spraying, the former being 
known as the Vi K Fluid, and the latter as the V2 K Fluid. 

I am hoping to have an extensive series of experiments made with 
these two fluids upon a large number of fungus diseases. 

Among other matters that have received attention are the better 
preparation of Bordeaux mixture, and the preparation of an Arsenate 
of Lead paste or fluid at a considerably less cost than this can at 
present be obtained, and some experiments designed to provide a more 
effective sprayfluid for hops. 

The action of all of these specifics has been carefully noted and a 
full report will be published at a later date. 




x 



S-i 










c/; 



'J 



E 

C 

5 



c 







Fig. 4. — Branches from sprayed and unsprayed Apple Trees. Note the new 
wood and large healthy leaves on the sprayed branch on the right. 



lO REPORT OX INJURIOUS INSECTS FOR I907. 



REPORT ON EXPERIMENTS 

WITH THE BLACK-CURRANT GALL-MITE. 

Eriop/iyes ribis (Nalepa). 

The experiments on the Black-Currant Gall-Mite, Eriophyes ribis 
(Nalepa), were commenced by me in the early part of 1899. After a 
thorough investigation of the life history and habits of the mite'" atten- 
tion was devoted to providing a remedy. 

Various experiments were made with different arsenical fluids, 
bruised hellebore, lime, sulphur and lime, etc., and whilst many 
considerably reduced the numbers of mites, none were found to be of 
any practical value. 

In 1901, some bushes badly infested with the mite were treated 
twice a week during the migration season \\ ith a sprayfluid consisting 
of :— 

Sulphur ... ... ... ... 2 lbs. 

Soft Soap ... ... ... ... 25 lbs. 

Water ... ... ... ... 50 gallons. 

Made as follows : — The sulphur was mixed with water to a gruel ; 
the soft soap was mixed with 5 gallons of boiling water, and then the 
two mixtures were added together and well mixed, water being added 
to make 50 gallons. The results obtained from the use of this mixture 
were very encouraging, but it was soon evident that it could not be 
applied by the fruit-grower at a cost which would repay him for the 
extra labour involved. The two main objections were, firstly, the large 
number of applications which were given in my experiments, and, 
secondly, the large quantity of soap used. But these experiments 
very clearly indicated that the mite could be destroyed to a large extent 
by the use of sulphur, and it but remained to be demonstrated in what 
form and proportions it could best be applied, and whether the number 
of applications could be reduced. 

In 1905 a further series of experiments were commenced on very 
badly infected Black Naples, Baldwins, and Boskoop Giants. These 
were as follows : — 

Three rows of bushes were dusted with equal parts of ground 
unslaked lime and Howers of sulphur. Three rows were sprayed with 
a mixture consisting of i lb. lime, 1 lb. sulphur, and 20 gallons of water ; 
whilst a single row was sprayed with a mixture consisting of i lb. 
sulphur, I lb. soft soap, and 20 gallons of water. 

In the dusting operations one vow was dusted once, one twice, and 
one three times. 

(I) Report on Economic Zoology, No. i, 1904. 



EXPERIMENTS WITH THE BLACK-CURRANT GALL-MITE. II 

As a result of these experiments it was clearly shown that the mite 
could be kept in check by the application of Hme and sulphur, and 
I part of the former, and 2 parts of the latter were recommended to 
some hundreds of growei-s. 

In the spring of 1907 a still further series of experiments was tried, 
the quantities of Hme and sulphur being : — 

1st Dressing. — i part of ground unslaked lime, and 4 parts of 
sulphur. 

2nd Dressing (a fortnight later). — i part of lime and 8 parts of 
sulphur. 

jrd and 4th Dressing (at intervals of a fortnight). — Sulphur only. 

This has been, if anything, more successful than the old formula 
and has the advantage of not burning the leaves or blossoms. 

In his Report for 1906-7, Mr. F. V. Theobald states in reference to 
my suggested treatment with lime and sulphur, " Migration of the mites 
is spread over too wide a period to ever hope that this treatment will do 
any permanent good. But it is encouraging to know that some success 
has been obtained." 

In order that fruit-growers may judge for themselves, I pubhsh the 
following extracts, from some hundreds of similar letters, received from 
fruit-growers in all parts of the United Kingdom. 

I. — " I have dressed about 5,000 Black Currant bushes, 4,000 
three times and 1,000 twice, and they are all free from the mite at 
present." 

2. — " Three years ago there were 40 Black Currant bushes of 
various sizes, all more or less infested with the mite. On the advice 
of a local gardener I cut down 7, leaving 33, off which we gathered 
8 to 10 lbs. of poor currants. A year ago we gathered about the 
same quantity. During the early spring I saw your remedy. This 
April, between the ist and 20th, I dusted the bushes with the sulphur 
and hme as you directed, and the result was 4 stone of reahy good 
fruit, and to all appearance healthy trees." 

3. — " I am pleased to tell you my bushes are practically cleared. 
I dressed 3 acres of old bushes, very bad, and on inspecting them 
this morning only found here and there a twig with some buds showing. 
9/ioths are quite clear, these I dressed three times. On another 12 
acres of younger plants I cannot find any there. Some others I only 
dressed twice and they are free." 

4. — " I appHed the treatment you recommended to a large number 
of Black Currant bushes with unqualified success. The crop realised 
over _;^30 when sent to Covent Garden." 

5. — " In the spring I cut out from a local paper a copy of your 
letter re the Black-Currant Gall- Mite. The remedy has been most 
successful." 



12 REPORT ON INJURIOUS INSECTS FOR I907. 

6. — " The treatment for eradicating Black Currant Mite recom- 
mended by you has been very successful, and I am pleased with the 
results on six acres." 

7. — " I treated the bushes this spring and had a crop of fruit, the 
first for 4 years. The bushes are almost entirely cleared, and I am 
proposing to repeat the process next year to make a sure clearance. 
I am pleased I did not resort to the heroic remedy of stubbing up 
the bushes, as others in this neighbourhood have done, and as I was 
advised to do. 

" With many thanks for iinding us so good a remedy." 

8. — " I am enclosing shoots of Black Currants which have been 
dusted three times — once during the last week of March, the third 
week in April, and the tirst week in May. I followed out your 
directions as accurately as possible, and as far as I can see it is an 
effectual remedy, but I wish you to examine the buds microscopically, 
as I feel it necessary to be qiiilc sure of the actual results of all 
experiments." 

Mr. P. Blair Oliphant, the Managing Director of the Ardblair 
Blairgowrie Fruitgrowers, Ltd., has very kindly furnished the following 
report : — 

General Remarks on Previous History of Disease 
IN these Plantations. 

'' The ' big bud ' did not make its appearance until the bushes had 
been planted three or four years. It then began in the low ground of 
the West plantation and spread rapidly to the surrounding rows. Badly 
infected bushes were cut out and burned, and on bushes which were 
only slightly infected, the infected shoots were pruned away. 

The experiment was tried of cutting down infected bushes to the 
ground, and allowing them to come away from the root. But, I think I 
may say, th;it in every single case where this was done the young shoots 
developed a double share of the disease. This would seem to indicate 
that the mite comes either from the root of the bush or from the soil 
itself. It was noticeable, on the other hand, that the young plants 
which were substituted for the bushes, which were uprooted, did not 
develop the disease so readily as those that were cut down. 

Another peculiarity which 1 have noticed is, that some bushes 
bear nettle-like leaves, and present :i generally unhealthy appearance. 
There may be a big flourish of blossom on these : but it invariably 
withers away and comes to nothing. I attribute this to the bushes 
being weakened by the disease, and being nure susceptible to frost and 
rime. 

In the year 1904 the West jilantation bore a heavy crop of fruit, 
in spite of the fact that 10 per cent, of the bushes failed as described 
above. The crop amounted to over 3 tons. 



EXPERIMENTS ON THE BLACK-CURRANT GALL-MITE. I3 

In 1905 this plantation was well manured, and in May it looked as 
though it would repeat the crop of the previous year, but a night or 
two of frost early in June carried it nearly all away, only 29 cwts. being 
got from it. 

In the spring of this year (1905), no less than 300 bushes were 
uprooted and burnt from the two plantations, the ground was given 
a dose of ground lime, and broad beans were sown between the 
bushes where they were badly infected. 

In 1906 the big bud appeared diminished. Only one- hundred 
bushes were uprooted, and the remainder were carefully hand-picked 
twice over for big bud. The crop was a very poor one. The West 
plantation establishing a record of failure by producing only 15 cwts. of 
fruit, and very little young wood was made. 

In 1907 — at the time of writing — the disease is far worse than it 
has ever been before. I was considering whether it would not be 
better to uproot the whole of the West plantation, when the sulphur 
and lime treatment was brought to my notice. 

Report on Black Currant Plantations. 



Treatment for " Big Bud " in Black Currant Plantations. 
East Plantation, i^ acres. ) „u^.,4. f 2)5°° plants. 



West Plantation, 2 acres. | ( 3, 500 plants. 

The East plantation has been planted four years. The bushes are 
at full bearing, and, for the most part, well grown, but the centre 
portion is badly affected with " Big Bud," and the outer rows to a 
lesser degree. 

The West plantation, planted about eight years, is very badly 
affected over the whole of the low-lying portion, and very slightly on 
the brae, where the bushes are very well grown, and have proved 
consistently good croppers. 

East Plantation. — ist appHcation, April 8th and 9th, 1907. All 
infected bushes dusted with 2 parts flowers of sulphur to i part of 
ground lime. Coronette Knapsack Sprayer used. 

Weather conditions. 8th. — Bushes wet with rain in morning, fine 
afterwards. Dusting continued until 3 p.m., when bushes dried. 

9th. — Wet night. Showery during day. Dusting continued until 
afternoon when wind dried bushes. 

West Plantation. — ist application, April 9th and loth, 1907. 
Infected bushes dusted as in East plantation. 

Weather on loth, showery, with East wind all day. Dusting 
carried on until 5 p.m. 

At date of writing (loth April,) none of the swollen buds appear 
to have burst. Most of the other buds are putting out leaves. 



14 REPORT OX INJURIOUS INSECTS FOR I907. 

East Plaiilation. — 2nd application, April 23rd, 1907. Infected 
bushes dusted with 2^ parts flowers of sulphur to i part of lime 
(Two Coronette Sprayers in use.) 

Wcnllier conditions. Still morning ; bushes wet with dew ; but 
subsequently dried. Dusting continued all day and plantations hnished, 
also a few rows of West plantation. 

Powder from ist application still adhering to some bushes. 

West Plantation. — April 23rd, 1907. A few rows dusted in after- 
noon. Bushes rather dry. 

April 25th, 26th, 27th. Remainder of infected bushes in plantation 
dusted in mornings from 6.30 to 10 a.m. 

Weather conditions. Dry and breezy. Dew soon dried on bushes, 
and dusting was discontinued early. 

At the date of writing (29th April,) very little powder is visible 
on bushes. There was some rain on the evening of the 26th and 
showers since, and a fair amount of wind. 

Most of the swollen buds appear to have cracked or burst. When 
examined under microscope on the 25th, buds were seen to contain 
mites, some alive and some apparently dead. 

Leaves are coming on slowly, and a certain amount of fruit 
blossom. Season is backward owing to cold winds and night frosts. 

East Plantation. — 3rd application. May 9th. Infected bushes 
dusted with 3 parts flowers of sulphur to i part lime. 

Weather conditions. Fine morning, bushes wet with dew. Dusting 
continued until 12 o'clock, when plantation was hnished. Breeze 
sprang up in afternoon and some showers. 

West Plantation. — May loth. Infected bushes dusted as in East 
Plantation. 

Weather conditions. Bushes wet with clew, and slight showers. 
Plantation hnished. Powder adhering fairly well to bushes : but not 
so well as when a greater proportion of lime was used. 

Total weight of Sulphur used for 3 ajiplications 3^ cwts. 
„ „ Lime „ „ „ i\ cwts. 

loth May. Bushes now in full bloom. West Plantation docs not 
promise well. 

Report on 3rd Skptemhek, 1907. 

The Crop fioni both plantations was heavier than in 1906. The 
West Plantation yielded 25 cwts. and the East 29. A good deal of 
the fruit was of poor quality, and the leaves withered from many of 
the bushes before the crop was gathered, young buds are begimiing 
to show : but it is too early to say whether the gall mite is present 
in them or not. As a rule. I have noticed that the swt)llen buds begin 
to show in October or Xo\cmber, but no idea of the extent of the 
disease can be formed until the spring." 



EXPERIMENTS ON THE BLACK-CURRANT GALL-MITE. 1 5 

The following opinions are extracted from the journal of 
Horticulture^ of November 7th, 14th, and 28th, 1907 : — 

" In the early summer I wrote to you about the lime and sulphur 
remedy for the Black Currant mite . . and expressed a wish that those 
who tried it would record the results of their experiments in our 
journal this autumn. As this is a serious pest, I trust others besides 
myself will respond. . . Although we have some very bad bushes here, 
the majority are only partly affected, and these are nearly all dusted 
over with the mixture (two parts sulphur, one part lime) once during 
the last week of March and the third week in April. 

After the last application I noticed many of the leaves dropped 
(these were not the youngest), and some of the flowers were burnt. 
This was rather discouraging, as there was promise of a splendid crop 
of fruit, and I did not want to lose it. I therefore only treated a certain 
number of bushes with the last application in May, the mixture being 
altered in its proportions to three parts of sulphur and one part lime. 
Even this seemed too strong, for many more leaves fell off and the fruit 
bunches were spoilt, which gave the bushes a very sickly appearance. 
All the bushes have been examined during the last week, and I find that 
those which received two dustings only are very little better than those 
which have not been done, but those that received a third dressing are 
quite free from mite as far as can be seen by the naked eye, and have 
quite recovered from the check which they received. From these 
results it would seem that only the third application were necessary, but 
I should say that it is safer to give at least two, as a late season may 
make a difference to the exodus of the mites from the old buds. 

L.F.D." 

" After reading ' L.F.D. 's ' letter in last week's Journal on the 
results of his sulphur and lime treatment for the eradication of the 
above-named pest, I went and examined our bushes here, which were 
similarly treated, and I am exceedingly pleased to say, I could not 
detect any sign of the mite. Whether there will be any development 
later I am not able to say ; but usually at this season of the year it is 
only too easily seen. Unlike your correspondent, I found no injury to 
foliage, flower, or fruit after the third treatment, although the currants 
were in full bloom at the time. The particulars and the prescribed 
conditions which appeared in the garden papers I could not, at the time, 
exactly carry out — (i part unslaked lime, ground fine, to 2 of sulphur, 
was recommended). I had to use air-slaked lime, instead of the quick, 
to 2 of sulphur. This was applied first, at the end of March ; second, 
middle of April ; third and last, the first week in May. My immunity 
from burning I attribute to using air-slaked lime with the sulphur. 
Our powder was applied with bellows. — 

J. Easter, Nostell Priory Gardens." 



l6 REPORT OX INJURIOUS IXSFXTS FOR 1907. 

" Wanderer," replying' to the above states, " It is gratifying to note 
in the article of ' L.F.D.,' page 439, that Mr. ColHnge's remedy for the 
Black Currant mite is proving effectual. According to ' L.F.D.' the 
main point is never to miss giving the application in May. The earlier 
dustings in his case do not seem to have done very much good. It 
should, however, be borne in mind that the season last year was a 
peculiar one, and it is quite possible that the migrating season of the 
mite was in consequence delayed. 

Mr. J. Easter also records his satisfaction at the results obtained 
by the use of the lime and sulphur remedy, notwithstanding the fact that 
the lime used in his case had been slaked. If air-slaked lime should 
prove as effectual as ground lime, it will undoubtedly prove an advantage, 
because of the lessened danger of burning the foliage. At any rate, 
growers now seem to have a reliable weapon in their hands. If they 
fail to use it, they have themselves only to blame." 

SuMM.\RY : — To any unprejudiced mind I think it will at once be 
clear that the lime and sulphur treatment is proving effective. 

In the earlier experiments it is now certain that too much lime was 
used and this resulted in damage to the leaves and blossoms. 

Various correspondents have assured me that they have obtained 
excellent results with the use of air-slaked lime. 

In conclusion, I should like to express my personal thanks to the 
many hundreds of growers who have experimented with the lime and 
sulphur treatment, for I feel it is largely due to them that it has 
been shown that we can control, if not exterminate, a pest which at one 
time seriously threatened the cultivation of Black Currants in this 
country. 



EXPERIMENTS WITH EELWORMS. 17 

REPORT ON EXPERIMENTS WITH EELWORMS. 



THE FUMIGATION OF THE SOIL. 

In the winter of 1905 I commenced a series of experiments with 
a view to finding something that would effectually rid the soil of 
Eelworms. After various substances were tried the experiments 
gradually led up to reconsidering the whole subject of the fumigation 
of the soil, and a long and elaborate series of experiments were planned 
and carried out. 

During the past few years very rapid strides have been made in 
this and other countries, in the methods for combating Insect and other 
animal pests which are injurious to various plants. 

Thus, by spraying and fumigation, the farmer, fruit grower, and 
horticulturist are now able to deal with a large number of pests and 
to control the same, which means that better crops are obtained and 
of an increased value. 

But there are certain pests which it is impossible to control by 
spraying or by the existing methods of fumigation. 

The two fumigants at present in general use are carbon bisulphide 
and hydrocyanic acid gas, both highly dangerous substances except 
in the hands of skilled people. Further, whilst both of these sub- 
stances are admirable for fumigating plants under glass, etc., they are 
scarcely practicable when one has to take into consideration a great 
acreage of land. 

As is well-known, the caterpillars or grubs of many insects spend 
that period of their life in the soil, feeding upon the roots of various 
plants, that many others spend the pupal or chrysalis stage there, 
whilst a few remain underground throughout life. 

Amongst these insects we may mention : 

Springtails ; the Pea and Corn Thrips ; the Mole Cricket ; the 

Cockchafer Beetle ; the Green Rose-chafer ; the May Bug ; .the Asparagus 

Beetle ; the Mustard Beetle ; the Nut, Pea, Vine, Turnip Gall and 

many other Weevils or Snout Beetles ; the Hop Flea Beetle ; the 

Turnip Flea Beetle ; the Skipjacks (Wireworms) ; and the Pigmy 

Mangold Beetle. 

Also the Turnip Dart Moth ; the Yellow Underwing Moth ; the 

Antler Moth ; the Ghost or Otter Moth ; the Small Swift Moth ; the 

Hart and Dart Moth ; the Pea Moth ; the Cabbage Moth ; the Currant 

or Magpie Moth ; and the Common Rustic Moth. 

The Woolly Aphis (Root Form) ; the Fruit-Tree Root Louse ; 
Phylloxera ; the Root Mealy Bug. 

The Onion Fly ; the Mangel Fly ; the Fever Fly ; the Carrot 
Fly ; the Celery Fly ; Crane Flies (Leather Jackets) ; the Pear Midge ; 
the Pea Midge ; the Wheat Midge. 




Fic. 5.— Roots attacked by Konl-kiiot liclworm. 
A.— Roots of Cucumber. H.— Roots of Tomato. 



EXPERIMENTS WITH EELWORMS. 19 

The Pear Slug ; the Gooseberry Sawfly ; the Turnip Sawfly ; etc., 
also such pests as Eelworms ; Woodlice ; Milhpedes ; Ants ; etc. 

These pests singly, or in conjunction, are levying a toll upon our 
crops of from 25 to 75 per cent. 

The question naturally arises " How shall we proceed to get rid 
of these pests ? " and our answer is Fumigate the Soil. 

This can now be done with the minimum outlay of labour and 
expense. After a long and elaborate series of experiments I have 
obtained a fumigant which will effectually rid the soil of one and all 
of the above mentioned pests ; and to this material I have given the 
name " Apterite." • 

Apterite is quite distinct from, and a great advance upon, any of 
the so-called soil insecticides, for the active principle works upwards 
and downwards. 

It has been very truly said that by its application a revolution in 
Agriculture will be brought about. 

In my opinion it is the only material that has yet been found 
that will economically rid the soil of these insidious pests known as 
Eelworms ; and, if for no other reason, it will be welcomed by all 
agriculturists suffering from such. 

My first experiment was made in the autumn of 1906 upon soil 
in which daffodils and hyacinths were being grown, and which was 
known to be badly infested with Eelworms. 

In the spring of 1907 I had the opportunity of treating the soil in a 
large tomato house, which was infested with the Root- Knot Eelworm. 

Various plots were also treated on which clover, vegetable 
marrows, etc., were being grown. 

Finally it was tried on a much larger scale, viz., on oats and 
clover. 

The results in each case were practically identical ; but perhaps 
most strikingly shown on the tomatoes, where there was a complete 
absence of Root-Knots ; and a fine, healthy crop was obtained. 



20 REPORT OX INJURIOUS IXSI-XTS FOR 1907. 

REPORT UPON INSECT PARASITES OF INSECTS. 

Ill this tasciiuiting branch of Kconomic Biology much usclul work 
has been accompHshed. 

Two species of Ichneumons (both probably new to science) have 
been bred from the Plum Aphis {Aphis pniiii, Reaumur) and valuable 
information has been collected as to their economic importance. 

An attempt was made to breed and distribute examples of Apliiiiiiis 
sileiics, Marshall, a small Ichneumon which parasitises the Pea Aphis 
{Siplioiiopliorn pisi\ Kalt.), with most beneiicial results. 

Various species of Hoverini^ Flies {Syrpliiihic) and Ladybird Beetles 
{Cocci ucU id at) have been bred and distributed. 

There is undoubtedly a very important field for work on these lines 
in the fruit-growing districts of the Midlands, and whilst I do not for 
one moment think that we are ever likely to reap the results from native 
parasites as accrue from the introduction of foreign species, yet they 
undoubtedlv exercise a control upon the numbers of this or that 
particular pest, which is to the advantage of the fruit-grower. 



THE GOOSEBERRY GALL-MITE. 

Eriopliycs grossiilnriiu', Cllge. 

Earlv in the year an Evesham correspondent forwarded me some 
Gooscberrv cuttings on which all the present year's buds appeared dry 
and shrivelled. All the outer leaves were quite dead, and in some cases 
the bark was peeling off in long shreds. 

Careful examination for a fungus or some boring insect larva was 
unrewarded by any success, so as a thial resort I teased a bud, just as 
one would do to find the Black Currant Gall-Mite, and I was very much 
surprised to find a mite of the genus Eriopliycs. 

Further examination showed that practically all tlie remaining buds 
were infected. 

Growers noticing buds which appear dead or drying up on the 
new wood should immediately cut it away, and destroy by burning. 

THE BULB MITE. 

Rliizi\iilypliiis ccliiiiopiis, V. is: R. 

A somewhat serious attack of this mite was reported by a 
Warwickshire correspondent ; tulips and hyacinths were the bulbs 
attacked. 

The life-history is only imperfectly understood. The eggs give 
rise to six-legged larvae ; which, later on develop into nymphs possess- 
ing legs. 'I'hese. after undergoing a couple of moults, become the 
sexually mature adults. 

What is known as a hypopial stage may occur ; and it is in this 
stage that the species is spread. Tiie hypopus possesses on its under 



THE HARVEST BUG. 21 

surface fourteen minute suckers, by means of which it is capable of 
attaching itself to other animals, and thus being carried away, and 
setting up fresh areas of infection. 

Preventive and Remedial Measures. 

All imported bulbs should be fumigated with bisulphide of carbon 
(see page 56). 

Once the bulbs have become infected remedial measures are of 
little avail ; as the mites get between the leaf scales, and sometimes 
into the interior of the bulbs, where they lay their eggs. It is really 
the better plan to burn all infested bulbs, and to treat the soil with 
bisulphide of carbon. 

Experiments were made on the bulbs by soaking and spraying 
them with various fluids, such as paraffin and turpentine emulsions, 
sulphide of potassium, etc., but none gave satisfactory results. No 
doubt many of the mites were killed, but sufficient numbers remained 
alive to complete the destruction of the bulb. 

THE HARVEST BUG. 

Leptus antiimnalis^ Shaw. 

Writing from Bewdley in August last a correspondent states that 
during the whole of August, and part of July and September, this 
mite takes half the pleasure out of the country in neighbourhoods 
where it occurs. 

The irritation set up on human beings when attacked by this tiny 
acarine is very painful. Fortunately, however, the so-called Harvest 
Bug is not a mature mite, but only a larval form, so that it does not 
breed on human beings. In all probability it is the young of a mite 
known as Troiubidiiini holosericenni^ as first asserted by Megnin in 1876. 

This species is well-known, and although very plentiful on wild 
and other grasses, it does not seem to do any damage to plant life. 
In its larval stage, however, it attacks man and most domesticated 
animals. 

THE PEA AND BEAN THRIPS. 
Thrips pisivora^ Westwood. 

A Warwickshire correspondent forwarded a number of developing 
pods of the garden pea, covered with Httle yellow thrips which are 
referred to this species. 

As I have treated of the life-history of this pest so recently as in 
my Third Report,''' it is only necessary to repeat the preventive and 
remedial measures. 

Wherever an attack of these insects has been experienced, the 
haulm and old stocks should be burnt. Neither peas or beans should 
be grown on or near the same ground the following year. 

(i) Rpt. on Inj. Insects, etc., for 190S, 1906, p. 12. 



22 REPORT OX INJURIOUS INSECTS FOR I907. 

Liming and deep plonghing have also been recommended ; and 
the removal of all rough herbage which affords a winter shelter. 

THE BROWN SCALE. 

Lccauiiini honisplicricuni^ Targ.-Tozz. 

On various plants this scale has been received from many corres- 
pondents during 1907. On a species of palm it was particularly 
prevalent ; as also on Aspiiliiiin sp. 

It is a very prolific species and often does serious damage to plants 
under glass. Fortunately it is sufficiently large to attract notice. 

In the above-mentioned case, where it was found on palms, it was 
eradicated by the use of a quarter of a pound of soft soap mixed with 
a gallon and a half of boiling water, and a gill of paraflin. In other 
cases I have used the Vi Fluid, diluted i part to 150 parts of water. 

THE BROWN CURRANT SCALE. 

Lccaiiiimi pcrsicac (Geoff.) var. coryli (Linn.). 

Specimens of this Scale have been examined on Gooseberry 
plants, and both Black and Red Currants. 

The Gooseberry twigs, which were forwarded by a Worcestershire 
correspondent, were very badly attacked. The bushes had been 
neglected for some time past and onlv the diminished crop of fruit 
served to draw the grower's attention to the fact that something was 
wrong. 

In December the buslies were spraved witli the Vi Fhiid, and 
already the stems are assuming a clean and healthy appearance, free 
from the pest. 




l-K,. fi." liiK Common .Mi-.ai.y Wvg. 

Two females in different staj^es of development. 

(From a photograph lakcn by Mr. J G. Ulakcy. of Kcdditc'i.) 



THE FELTED BEECH COCCUS. 23 

MEALY BUGS. 

Dadylopiiis citri (Risso), and longispiniis (Targ.-Tozz.). 

Both of these Scales have been abundant and most destructive. 

The first mentioned species was observed in great numbers by the 
UTiter, in a conservatory, on some rotten woodwork, indeed, far more 
plentiful in this particular spot than on the various plants it infected ; or 
than ever I remember seeing it before. 

Under glass, spraying with the V2 Fluid was found to be effective. 

THE FELTED BEECH COCCUS. 

Cryptococctis fagi^ Barensp. 

The increasing presence of this coccid in the Midlands is a matter 
that deserves more than passing attention. As I pointed out in last 
year's Report, p. 13, it is very desirable that, wherever it is noticed, it 
should at once receive attention. 

During the past year a case was brought to my notice in Stafford- 
shire. The Vi Fluid has been appUed, and although it is somewhat 
early to judge, it seems to have been successful in eradicating the insect. 

Surrounded as we are in all the seven Midland counties by wooded 
estates, in which Beech figures conspicuously, I would impress upon 
all those who have the supervision of the same, not to neglect this pest, 
or it will assuredly spread over a large area, and treatment wih become 
expensive and difficult. 

THE FELTED ASH COCCUS. 

Aptcrococciis fraxini (Newstead). 

A Staft'ord correspondent forwarded twigs of Ash taken from an 
old tree with this Scale on. 

According to Mr. Newstead,''' our leading authority on the Scale 
Insects of this country, it appears to be exclusively confined to the Ash 
{Fraximis excelsior). 

In reply to this correspondent, I recommended that, if possible, 
the tree should be spr-ayed with the Vi Fluid, which had been used for 
the Felted Beech Coccus. 

THE HOP APHI5. 

Phorodon Iiuiiiiili^ Schrank. 
This troublesome and often serioxis insect pest has not been as 
plentiful in Worcestershire and Hereford as in past years. Personally, 
I am of opinion that this is, in a large measure, due to the Winter 
spraying of plum trees. As the practice of Winter spraying becomes 
more general we shall undoubtedly see a diminution in the numbers of 
this pest ; at the same time some more effective sprayfluid is necessary 
for the spraying of hops than is at present known. 

(I) Monog. Coccidae of the British Isles, 1003, vol. ii., p. 212. 



24 REPORT ON INJURIOUS INSECTS FOR I907. 

With this object in mind, various experiments have been made witli 
a view to providing a Fluid that will confer immunity upon the plants 
against the attack of these insects for a number of days, without injuring 
the bine. 

Whilst I believe the experiments are on the right lines and will 
ultimatelv prove successful, I have not yet arrived at any satisfactory 
conclusion. The experiments, however, will be continued during the 
coming season and duly reported upon. 

THE WILLOW APHIS. 

Lachiuis I'iiiiiiialis, Fonsc. 

In July last I received some willow twigs from a Worcestershire 
correspondent covered with this aphis. When examined in September 
the trees were perfectly free from this pest, although the harm it had 
done was easy to see. 

I am not aware that the life-history is known, but in the autumn 
I find that there is a general migration from the willows, probably to 
some other plant or plants, at present unknown. Sometimes, on 
appearing on some species of willows, little damage is done ; and the 
insects will then migrate to other species, which sufl'er considerably. 

THE WOOLLY APHIS. 

Schizonciira laiiigcra, Hausni. 

This insect has been very plentiful during the past year in all the 
Midland counties. 

In 1896 Mr. J. M. Stedman"* published a full and interesting 
account of its life-history, and the present year has afforded me an 
excellent opportunitv to work through this life-history in England, and 
compare it with the above admirable account. 

For this purpose a garden containing some score of badly infested 
apple trees was selected, and further observations have been made in 
numerous orchards, as well as in the laboratory. 

Life- History. 

Throughout the year there may be found on the trees a somewhat 
oval shaped aj">hid of a purplish or reddish brown colour. This is the 
" Queen-mother " which secretes the characteristic woolly material. 
She gives birth to living young, miiuite, louse-like forms of a greyish- 
yellow colour. These larvae, at lirst, live beneatli the woolly secretion 
close to the parent ; but after a time they creep away, form great 
masses of wool, and produce ;i further generation of living young. 
This mode of reproduction is continued throughout the summer, when a 
resting stage is reached, and pupae, or nymphs .appear, which give rise 
ti) winged forms. 

(I) AKr'.c. Kxp. Slat. Univ. n( the State uf Missouri, Bull. No. 35. 189(1, pp. 3(H>t. 



THE WOOLLY APHIS. 2^ 

Stedman (p. 44) mentions that " towards the latter part of summer, 
winged agamic females are developed. In the station laboratory 
breeding cages, these winged forms first appeared on the twenty-sixth 
of August." 




Fig. 7. — Apple Shoots attacked by the Woolly Aphis. 
(From a photograph taken by Mr. J. G. Blakey, of Redditch.) 

I have not been fortunate in meeting with many of the pupae 
or nymphs, but I have seen a fair number of the winged females. 
These latter fly from tree to tree and to other orchards. Here they 
produce living young, and continue to do so until the end of the 
autumn. 

In the case under observation a wingless sexual generation was 
noticed early in November, fewer males than females, which latter are 
oviparous. 

The sexual female is very small, and after depositing a single egg 
close to the base of the tree she dies, the egg is usually enveloped 
in the dead skin of the parent. 

In the spring this egg develops into a larval form, which soon 
becomes a "Queen-mother" and produces living young. 

Whilst the above cycle has been taking place on the branches of 
the tree, a similar one takes place amongst those forms living at the 
roots of the tree, excepting that no eggs are laid by the root forms. 
During the winter, many of the branch forms migrate to the roots, 
and in the spring they return to the branches. Stedman mentions that 
in Missouri the root form is the only one that does any injury, the 
branch form " being only occasionally seen ; and when found, occurs 
only in small, unimportant, isolated colonies." 



26 REPORT OX INJURIOUS INSECTS FOR I907. 

These investigations are sufficiently important to reproduce in his 
own words, he states " The presence of the aerial form of the woolly- 
aphis is readily detected by the bluish-white cottony looking substance 
that is excreted by and covers the greater part of each wingless 
individual aphis ; and since these insects live in clusters or colonies, 
the patches of white matter are very conspicuous, and can scarcely 
escape the notice of even the most casual observer. It has been my 
experience to find in nature this aerial form in Missouri only in rare 
cases, and then only in those places where some injury had caused 
an abrasion of the bark ; or some limb or twig had been cut or broken 
off ; or where they had been crowded from the ground up to the base 
of the trunk ; or on the suckers that had been allowed to grow around 
the tree. They are frequently artificially induced to attack the trunk 
by mulching, or by using wrappers around the base of the tree as a 
protection against borers and rabbits. But whatever may be the cause 
of their presence above the ground, the result is the same, namely ; 
to cause an abnormal growth of the infested portion, resulting in the 
formation of a rough and pitted surface, and at times causing the death 
of the limb at the point infested. However, this injury is so slight in 
this state that it is insignificant in comparison with that found in the 
northern and eastern states, and especially in Europe, where apple 
trees are frequently killed outright by this aerial form. 

The presence of the root inhabiting form is readily detected by 
removing the earth from the roots near the trunk of the infested tree. 
The appearance of a bluish-white cottony or mildew looking substance, 
or of knotty and distorted roots, will indicate its presence. It is this 
root or subterranean form that causes so much damage to the apple 
orchards in the southern half of Missouri, and to apple nursery stock 
throughout the state. The infested apple tree appears sickly ; it does 
not grow as it should ; its leaves are less numerous and they have 
more of a pale green or yellowish color than is natural ; and finally 
the tree dies outright or is blown over with the first slight wind. 
Such are the outward indications that a tree is badly infested with 
this pest. Sometimes the tree blows over with a heavy wind without 
showing these outward appearances in so marked a degree ; but one 
soon becomes familiar with the appearance of infested trees, and can 
readily locate them before they are past recovery. In orchards, it 
appears that the great bulk of the damage from this pest conies 
directly from the fact that the trees blow over so easily, the roots 
breaking off close to the triuik. Of course this is due to the fact 
that the roots have decayed ; and I am fully convinced from actual 
observation that ninety-five per cent of the cases of so-called " root-rot " 
in apple trees in this state is in reality tiie result of the attack of the 
woolly-aphis. In nursery stock, the damage comes directly from llu 



THE WOOLLY APHIS. 27 

inability to sell badly infested trees, and not from the death of the 
trees themselves. 

The woolly-aphis sucking the juices from the roots of the apple 
tree causes an abnormal growth of the attacked portion of the roots, 
resulting in the formation of gall-like swellings or excresences. 

These swellings are usually irregular and knotty in appearance, and 
sometimes attain considerable size, while that portion of the roots 
between the excresences is frequently undeveloped. 

The woolly-aphis will be found in large numbers, and in clusters, 
over the surface swellings, and especially between them in the 
numerous crevices that the larger excresences contain. The roots thus 
attacked, distorted and swollen, soon begin to decompose ; saprophytic 
fungi and bacteria enter the dead and decaying portions and help to 
hasten the work, and soon that portion of the root perishes. Sometimes 
the root seems to be killed outright by the vast number of aphis sucking 
the sap and causing the abnormal growth ; so that the attacked portion 
perishes before decomposition has fairly set in. But in either case the 
aphids perish, or leave the dead root and seek living roots upon which 
they can feed ; and hence, when one examines a root that has been dead 
for only a short time even, the aphis may not be found there, and this has 
led many to attribute the death of the root to other causes, especially to 
' root-rot.' As the woolly-aphis attacks in immense numbers the main 
roots at or near the trunk, and as these roots are usually eventually 
killed and then rapidly decay, the tree loses its support and falls with 
the first wind." 

There is a wide-spread opinion that the root form and that in the 
branches are two distant species, but there seems little, if any, evidence 
to support such views. With reference to this, Mr. Stedman carried 
out the following experiment : — 

" On the fourteenth of March, seedling and one-year-old apple 
trees were planted in the root-cages. The plants were first thoroughly 
cleansed of all insect life, as eggs, etc., and the earth used was specially 
prepared and free from insects and their eggs. On the sixteenth of 
March, wingless, agamic female woolly-aphis, just obtained from the 
roots of an infested apple tree, were placed on the roots of the 
sound trees in four of these cages. These root-cages are kept 
isolated in one room of the green-house, two of them in large 
breeding cages made of glass and very fine wire gauze, so that no 
insects could escape or others possibly enter. The apple trees soon put 
forth leaves and grew well. The aphids multiplied rapidly and not only 
formed colonies where introduced on the roots, but they soon spread in 
small numbers over the greater portion of the roots, established colonies 
near the trunk, and crawled up to trunk and on to the branches, where 
they multiplied rapidly and established flourishing colonies. These 
colonies can be seen on the branches as well as on the roots of the 



28 REPORT OX INJURIOUS IXSFXTS FOR I907. 

youn^ trees, photographed in ligure 3. The aphids exist in reaUty in 
small nnmbers on all parts of the young apple trees, but do not appear 
in the photograph except where they exist in colonies. Some weeks 
after this photograph was taken, the entire trees, stems, roots, and even 
the petioles and midribs of the leaves were white with woolly-aphis. 
The insects appeared to thrive as well in the open air as in the soil, and 
in these cases both the root and limb forms were derived from the same 
parent. 

But in order to determine whether or not the limb form would 
spread to and infest the roots, some woolly-aphis from the limb of an 
infested tree in Jackson county were obtained and introduced, June 28th, 
on the limbs of the young apple trees in the two other root cages. The 
trees contained no insects except those placed on the limbs. The root- 
cages were isolated in large breeding cages in the greenhouse. In the 
course of a week the aphids had established flourishing colonies on the 
branches, and at the expiration of a month they had spread down the 
trunk in scattered and isolated places, and in one case had attacked the 
roots near the trunk. In two weeks more the roots of all the trees had 
several well established colonies upon them. 

From these observations and facts it is believed that what little of 
the aerial or limb form of the apple tree woolly aphis we have in this 
state is now derived from the root form. Of course it will be understood 
that I do not imply by this statement that the original form of this aphis 
was root inhabiting, for I am decidedly of the contrary opinion." 

Apart from the great damage these pests do to fruit trees, by 
draining the vitality, the wounds formed by their punctures ultimately 
expose the trees to fungus attacks. Wherever these punctures occur 
on young wood, there is an abnormal growth of the tissue, which takes 
the form of rounded or irregular swellings. Later, these gall-like lumps 
split (and are often stated to be " canker "), and it is in these splittings 
that fungi and other pests find lodgment. 

Pkkvkntivi-: and Kkmedial Mi:.\sukes. 

So long as people are allowed to neglect their orchards, or even a 
few trees, this pest will be with us, and can only be controlled by 
exercising most drastic treatment. 

In an orchard adjoining the one mentioned above, the following 
treatment was followed out in 1907, and although only a few yards from 
trees worse affected than I have ever seen before, it now remains 
comparatively clean. 

In January the trees were spraved with the \'i Fluid. In 
December the soil around the trees was taken awav, and without 
actually touching the roots, Apterite was scattered all around. It is 
proposed to give all the trees a dressing with the V2 Fluid early in the 
Spring. 



THE APPLE SUCKER. 



29 



If this treatment is persisted in I think the pest will be held in 
check, but it is most important that the roots of the trees should be 
treated as well as the branches. 

Spraying in the Autumn is of little, if any, use, for as fast as the 
trees are cleaned, winged females from trees in other orchards re-infest 
them. 

THE FRUIT TREE ROOT LOUSE. 

Schizoneura fodiens, Buckton. 

Early in the year a Worcester correspondent forwarded specimens 
of this insect, from the roots of Red Currants, and later I received 
it from the same county on the roots of a young apple tree. 

It has long been confounded with the root form of the Woolly 
Aphis {Schizoneura lanigera.) 

In the first case Vaporite was employed and proved fairly 
successful ; later, in the second case, experiments were made with 
Apterite which proved most effective. 



THE APPLE SUCKER. 

Psylla inali\ Schm. 

Experiments with the Vi and V2 Fluids have been continued on 
the eggs and larvae of this insect, and most satisfactory results have 
been obtained. 




Fig. 8.— The Apple Sucker {Psylla mali). 

I. — Larva, natural size. la. — Larva after third moult, much magnified. 

2. — Perfect insect, natural size. 2a. — The same, much magnified. 



30 REPORT OX INJURIOUS IXSFXTS FOR 1907. 

A iiuiiiher of demonstrations have been ^iven sliowing the action 
of the former flnid upon the eggs. A httle of the Vi Fhiid was taken 
and mixed with one-hundred parts of water, then a few perfect eggs 
were placed on a glass slide under a low power of the microscope. 
After making sure that these were in no way damaged, they were 
wetted with the Fluid by means of a line camel hair brush. Within 
a few minutes the protoplasm was seen to contract, often spurting 
through the broad end of the egg, the egg-shell became wrinkled and 
instead of a smooth, tense membrane, it lay as a crinkled sac with a 
rough or broken surface. 

In most cases this action was clearly observable within three-and- 
a-half minutes after the Fluid was applied, but in no case did it exceed 
twice that length of time. 

As I have elsewhere stated (p. 7) the experiments, both in the 
laboratory and on the actual trees, with the lime and salt spray fluid were 
most unsatisfactory. 

THE ASH PSYLLA. 

Psylhi frnxini. 

From Staffordshire and Worcestershire correspondents, many 
inquiries have been received respecting this insect. In one case the 
attack was extremely bad. 

Wherever I thought spraying was practicable or likely to be carried 
out, an application of the V2 Fluid was recommended, and not having 
heard anvtiiing further of the pest, I presume that it lias j-iroved 
successful. 

In nearly all the above cases the cause of the mischief had been 
allowed to continue year after year without any remedial measure being 
applied ; and considerable harm must have been done to the trees, most 
of which were, fortunately, young ones. 

On numerous estates IIkiI I know of, forest and ornamental trees 
are badly neglected. It is surely a wise policy on the part of those 
who have the care of such, as also on the part of the owners, to see 
that they are kept as free from disease and pests as possible. 

THE MAY BUG. 

Phyllopcrtha liorlicold, Linn. 

A Warwickshire correspondent forwarded specimens of this beetle 
from a field of swedes, where they were present in great numbers. 
Fortunately, Kooks and Starlings in Hocks were attracted by the abund- 
ance of food and soon lessened their numbers. 

Like the Cockchafer, to which they are related, they can be con- 
trolled by the application of a soil fumigant. 



THE PEA BEETLE. 3I 

THE PEA BEETLE. 

Bruchiis pisi^ Linn. 

Two or three correspondents have complained of the damage done 
to peas by the larva of this beetle. 

Life- History. 

The female beetle deposits her eggs on the young pods, and, upon 
hatching out, the larva bores into a pea, and passes its larval stage, 
eating a large cavity in the pea. In this it pupates, the beetle 
emerging in the following spring. Sometimes the beetles make their 
way out of the peas in the autumn, and pass the winter elsewhere. 

In other cases they remain within the peas, only issuing after the 
latter have been sown. 

A closely allied species B.riifimaniis^ attacks beans in a similar 
manner. 

Preventive and Remedial Measures. 

Peas which are or have been infected should not be used as seed, 
even when they are kept in closed vessels and the beetles have left them 
and died, they seldom produce strong plants. 

Fumigation with bisulphide of carbon is perhaps the best method 
of killing the beetles. 

Care should be exercised in purchasing seed, to see that it is free 
from this pest. 

THE APPLE BL0550M WEEVIL. 

Antlionouius ponioniiii^ Linn. 

Various correspondents have sent in examples of this beetle, or 
have written complaining of the damage it has done. 

A full account of the life-history was given in my Second Annual 
Report, p. 21. 

An experience of this beetle, now extending over many years, 
inclines me to the opinion that it is always most plentiful in neglected 
orchards. Where the trees are not sprayed in the Winter, and the 
moss and lichens are allowed to grow, there the beetles find a secure 
place for hibernating in. In a like manner in orchards where dead 
leaves, long grass, etc., are present, they provide favourable conditions. 

Winter spraying, quite apart from the numerous eggs that are 
destroyed, will pay the fruit-grower, if only by reason of keeping the 
bark clean and free from all mosses and lichens, beneath which this 
and many other pests of fruit trees hibernate during the Winter 
months. 

THE CABBAGE GALL WEEVIL. 

Ceuthorhynchus sulcicollis^ Gyll. 

Throughout the Midland counties there has been a distinct increase 
of this very troublesome insect, and cabbages and turnips have 
consequently suffered. 



32 REPORT OX IXJIRIOUS INSECTS FOR I907. 

Clean cultivation is all-important in dealing with this pest. In the 
early part of the year it lives on charlock and other cruciferous weeds, 
later passing on to cabbage and turnip crops. It is most important that 
all such weeds should be destroyed. Further, all infected cabbage 
stalks and turnip peelings should be burnt, and not allowed to rot in 
heaps on the ground. 

I have not yet had an opportunity of experimenting with Apterite 
on this pest, but I think it will be found an effective remedy. 

THE TURNIP SEED WEEVIL. 

Cculhorliyiichiis assiiiiilis, Pavk. 

A Staffordshire correspondent forwarded Turnip seed badly in- 
fested with the larvae and pupae of this linv beetle. 

Seed merchants know it as a most destructive pest, for pods 
which have been attacked, contain few, if any perfect seeds. 

In a sample of seed sent, the fat, yellowish-white larvae were 
present ; also cocoons composed of agglutinated seeds, inside each of 
which I found a pupa. 

This beetle attacks other cruciferous plants in a similar manner. 

Seed known to be attacked should be fumigated with bisulphide 
or carbon (See p. 56). 

THE PINE WEEVIL. 

Hvlobiiis iibiclis, Fabr. 

The insect is one of the commonest, and at the same time, one 
of the most destructive to pines we have in this country. Personallv, 
I have no experience of it apart from pine, but it is known to attack 
other conifers, as well as oak and other trees. 

Life-History. 

The beetles swarm from May to June, and breed on to September. 
The eggs are deposited on the stumps and roots of the pines. 

Thev hatch out in from fourteen to twenty-one davs, and, until 
well on in the autumn, form their characteristic burrows ; passing the 
winter at the end of these burrows. During the first year ♦hev feed 
upon the bast and sapwood ; so that, so far as the larval stage is 
concerned, thev do little damage. Pupation takes place late in the 
following spring, in the roots or stump, and the perfect insect appears 
from May to September. 

Those which emerge in the spring gnaw the bark of the young 
plants, thus allowing the resin to exude. In some cases the trees 
become almost completely peeled. 

During the winter, the adults hibernate in hollow slumps, amongst 
dead leaves, under stacks of wood, etc. 



the osier weevil. 33 

Preventive and Remedial Measures. 

It has been shown, in this and other countries, that forest clearings 
are particularly favourable harbouring spots for this beetle. It is 
therefore most important that all useless material should be burnt, and 
the felling area moved from time to time. 

Whatever can afford a breeding place, unless employed as traps, 
should be cleared away, such, for instance, as waste timber of any 
description, broken bark, small fragments of wood, pieces of roots left 
in the ground, dying trees, etc., etc. 

Log Traps placed in June are useful. Pieces of pine or spruce, 
3 or 4 feet long, and 3 or 4 inches thick, should be cut and so buried 
in the ground that they protrude two or three inches above the surface. 
Such traps should be placed from 40 to 50 feet apart, and carefully 
taken up and burnt in September. 

Feeding sheep in the clearings is recommended, as their droppings 
are obnoxious to the beetles. 

THE OSIER WEEVIL. 

Cryptorhynchus lapathi^ Linn. 
Both the larvae and adult beetles have been received from different 
correspondents, with complaints of their injury to osiers and willows. 

Life- History. 

The female lays her eggs in small holes which she bites in the rods, 
a single egg being placed in each hole. In from 18 to 21 days the 
larvae hatch out as small whitish grubs, and immediately commence and 
burrow round the rod. In some cases this burrow encircles the rod, in 
others it extends only part way around ; whilst occasionally it is irregular, 
passing sHghtly upwards or downwards. In all cases the larva ultimately 
tunnels inwards to the pith, where it clears a chamber, which usually 
extends for four or live inches and sometimes even more. This central 
chamber is connected with the exterior by a less carefully formed 
tunnel, and through the opening of this latter the bits of gnawed wood, 
etc., are passed out. 

When full fed, the larva measures about one third of an inch in 
length, and early in August it pupates, the beetles hatching out towards 
the end of that month, or early in September. During the winter the 
beetles hibernate in the stools, in the chambers formed by the larvae, 
and amongst rubbish. 

Remedial Measures. 

The same as employed for Willow Beetles, which see. 

WILLOW BEETLES. 

Three species of beetles, known as common pests to osiers and 
willows, were forwarded by a Warwickshire correspondent ; these were 



34 KEI^OKT 0\ INJl'RIOUS IXSI-XTS FOR I907. 

the Brassy Willow Beetle, PhyUoilccla rilcllinae, Linn., and its ally 
P. I'lilgalissiina, Linn., and a species known as Galcnicclla liucoJa. 

In Hood refuse, heaps of osier peel, or collections of dead leaves, 
all three species are very common. It is amongst such material that 
they hibernate during the winter. 

The fust mentioned species is perhaps the commonest, a short 
account of its life-history may therefore be useful. 

Life- History. 

The life-history here described was worked out upon some 
material taken in February last from the stump of an old willow. 
There were large numbers of the beetles present, and early in April 
the females deposited, on the undersides of the willow leaves, isolated 
groups of tiny spindle-shaped eggs, each group being covered with an 
irregular, transparent cover. 

The larvae hatched out in seven days and were of greyish-yellow 
colour ; when full fed they became slightly darker in colour and had 
four conspicuous brown spots on the dorsal side of each segment, 
with smaller ones laterally, whilst the two most posterior segments 
were marked with a black square. The hrst three segments were the 
most prominently marked, and also the largest segments, the posterior 
ones narrowing. 

In the laboratory the larvae fed on the undersides of the leaves 
for some weeks, finallv falling to the ground and pupating in the soil. 

The beetles hatched out at the end of August, and fed on the 
leaves so long as we could obtain any, ultimately hibernating in the 
debris of the willow stump. 

Prevextivk .\ni) Remedial Measures. 

All material, such as mentioned above, which is likely to afford 
suitable quarters for hibernating in, should be burnt or removed. 

Spraying with Paris green, or Arsenate of lead, will kill the larvae 
and beetles in the spring. 

Dusting the stocks with liiuc and soot has also been found 
efficacious. 

THE CIGAR BEETLE. 

Lasioiicniin Ifslacca, Duf. 

Quite a number of inquiries have been received as to damage to 
Havana and Cuban cigars bv this beetle. 

One gentleman assured me that it came into his stock with some 
Havana cigars about two vears ago, and since had made its way from 
box to box. Borings in the boxes certainlv supported this view. 

Hoping to eradicate what was proving a very serious pest, I 
recommended fumigation with bisulphide of carbon, (see p. 56) and 
I am pleased to learn that this has proved effective, for no further 
damage has been noticed. 



THE WOOD LEOPARD MOTH. 35 

THE WOOD LEOPARD MOTH. 

Zeuzera aesculi^ Linn. 

A Worcestershire correspondent forwarded the larvae of this moth 
in August, which were attacking young apple trees. Although not 
sufficiently common in the Midland counties at present, it might, in 
a favourable season, become a serious pest to fruit growers. 

Life-History. 

The moth appears in June, and the female deposits a large number 
of oval orange-coloured eggs upon the stems and branches of various 
trees. Saplings seem particularly liable to attack. 

The eggs hatch in a few days and the larva bores into the sapwood, 
remaining in the woody tissues during the first winter. In the follow- 
ing summer it bores a gallery in the middle of the wood, here it 
passes its second winter. About May it passes beneath the bark, 
where it pupates, the moth emerging in June. 

The larva, when full-fed, is nearly two inches in length, in colour a 
yellowish-white, with black spots on each segment. The second 
segment is covered with a dark brown dorsal plate. 

Amongst the various trees attacked by the larvae of this moth 
we may mention the apple, pear, plum, ash, aspen, beech, birch, elm, 
hawthorn, holly, horse-chestnut, oak, poplar, privet, quince, walnut, 
willow. 

Preventive and Remedial Measures. 

Cutting off and burning all infested branches is the only practical 
treatment. Badly infested trees are best cut down and burnt. 
Numerous small birds feed upon the eggs. 

THE GARDEN SWIFT MOTH. 

Hepialus liipulinus^ Linn. 

The larvae of this moth have been forwarded by different corres- 
pondents as damaging strawberry plants, celery, winter beans and various 
flowering plants. 

The habits and methods of attack are very similar to those of the 
Turnip Dart Moth ; and the same remedies hold good. 

THE LAPPET MOTH. 

Lasiocampa quercifoUa^ Linn. 
A Worcestershire correspondent forwarded the larva of this moth 
in August last, taken on hawthorn. The large size of the caterpillar 



36 REPORT ON INJURIOUS INSECTS FOR I907. 

excited his attention, and the following account of the life-history was 
forwarded : 

"The specimen forwarded is the caterpillar of the Lappet Moth, 
which has previously been found in the locality mentioned. 

The eggs are laid during July or early in August, on the underside 
of the leaves of hawthorn, sloe, willow, blackthorn, apple, plum, etc., 
in groups of twos, threes, and fours, or more. The larvae hatch out 
in from twelve to fifteen days and feed for a short time. Early in 
the autumn, however, they make their way down to the lower stems, 
where they winter. Specimens reared in conhnement, measured about 
an inch in length at this period. With the return of spring they 
commence to feed again, and when lull-fed are nearly four inches in 
length. 

Pupation takes place from June to August, the dark blackish-brown 
chrysalis being enclosed in a greyish-brown silky cocoon. In confine- 
ment I have always observed that the cocoon is large and ill-litting ; 
but in nature it is said to be a tight-fitting one. 

The moths appear from June to August. 

Whilst there are cases on record of the larvae of this moth damaging 
fruit trees, it is scarcely sufficiently common to constitute a pest." 

THE CURRANT OR MAGPIE MOTH. 

Abraxas firossiilariatn, Steph. 

Verv few cases of a serious 
nature have been reported during 
the past season. Some few years 
^^^ 51 •^^Y^^ ago this looked like becoming a 

Ja* • •*• • %^ Jl ^t^iy serious pest to growers of 

k _tvf^ ^ gooseberries and currants. Atten- 

tion was repeatedly called to this 
F.G. 9.-THF. CiRiMNT OK M.AGP.E MoTH. j.^^,^ . .^ -^j ,.^^,j particulars respect- 
ing preventive and remedial measures were sent out to a large number 
of growers, urging upon them the importance of taking some action. 
It is sincerely to be hoped that their efforts will not be relaxed 
now that it has been lessened in numbers. 1 would also, in this con- 
nection, draw the attention of owners of private gardens to this pest 
which usually ilourishes there. It is tjuite possible on small areas to 
effectually eradicate it by hand-picking. 

THE WINTER MOTH. 

Chcinialohia bnmiala, Linn. 
Judging from the decrease in the number of inquiries respecting 
this insect it would seem to have been less prevalent than in previous 
seasons. This is no doubt accounted for by the fact that many growers 




THE TURNIP DART MOTH. 



37 




who were becoming alarmed by the rapid increase, decided to spray 
with the Caustic soda-emulsion early in 1907. Many have written me 
stating what an excellent effect this had. 

Owing to the more general adop- 
tion of winter spraying, growers have 
abandoned grease banding their trees, 
at the best only a partially effective 
remedy. 

In the Evesham and other districts 
there should be no difficulty now in 
keeping this pest under control. 

Wherever the moth is known to 
be about, spraying should be deferred until the end of January. I have 
known cases where the apple trees have been sprayed in December, and 
left in a beautiful and healthy condition, but have later been visited by 
the female moths, and the result has been a plague of caterpillars in the 
following spring, much to the growers surprise. 



Fig. 



I. 



10. — The Winter Moth 

{Cheimatobia bniiiiata). 

-Male moth. 2. — So-called wing- 
less female. Natural size. 



THE TURNIP DART MOTH. 

Agrotis segetuin^ Schiff. 

I mentioned in last Report (p. 25) what a destructive pest this 
insect had become in the Midland Counties during 1906, and there has 
been no falling off in the number of complaints during the past year. 

I had hoped with the aid of Vaporite to be able to cope with the 
larvae of this moth, but frequently I found that the material was not put 
in deep enough, hence the fumes only destroyed those near the surface. 

A series of experiments made with Apterite gave splendid results. 
The active principle from this material working both upwards and 
downwards, made it a most thorough fumigant. 





Fig. II. — Male and Female Turnip Dart Moths. 

In one case where oak and ash seedlings were very badly attacked 
by the larvae of this moth, the Apterite was dibbled in about seven or 
eight inches deep, between the lines of plants, many of which were 
rapidly dying. There was an appreciable change noticeable in a few 
days ; and when, after a week, some of the plants were taken up there 
was a healthy growth of new rootlets to be seen. 



38 REPORT OX INJURIOUS INSECTS FOR I907. 

In forest nurseries a soil fumigant of this kind must prove of great 
value. 

THE HEART AND DART MOTH. 

Agrolis exclciniatiouis^ Linn. 

As in the case of the last mentioned species, there has been an 
appreciable increase in the number of cases reported in which the larvae 
of this moth have been doing serious damage. 

The habits and life-history of the Heart and Dart Moth lue very 
similar to those of the Turnip Dart Moth, described in my Fourth 
Report (p. 25,) and the treatment also. 

Various experiments have been made with soot, soot and lime, 
kainit, gas lime, etc., scattered on the land ; poisoned baits, consisting of 
bunches of clover, etc., that have been steeped in a solution of Paris 
green, and then distributed about the lield have given fairly good 
results, but such a method is risky owing to the possibility of live-stock 
eating the same. 

THE GREAT YELLOW UNDERWINQ MOTH. 

Triphaciia pronuha (Linn.). 

The larvae of this moth 
have proved very trouble- 
some to horticulturists and 
others during the past 
season. In private gardens 
it has been especially numer- 
ous and has done a large 
amount of damage. 

The life-history briefly 
indicated in my Second 
Report, (p. 37.) may be 
usefully repeated. 
Ki«. 12.— The Gkeat Yellow Un'dkrwing Moth. 'pj^g f<.Muale deposits 

i.-Larva. 2.-I>i.ra. 3.-Moth. ^^^ ^^^^ j,^ j^,,,^. .^.^^j ^^^,^.^,^j 

at the roots of different plants, the larvae hatching out in about fourteen 
days. They are nocturnal feeders, and lie hidden in the surface soil 
or beneath the roots of their food-plants during the tlay. Through the 
winter months they seem to lie dormant ; but on the return of spring or 
mild-weather, they commence to feed again. Most of them become 
full-fed towards the end of April, or early in May, when they bury 
themselves and turn intf) pupae, the moths emerging towards the end 
of June or early in July. 

Remedial Measures. 

In gardens, stirring the surface frequently during the winter and 
spring destroys sonic of the larvae ; and exposes others to the attack 




TPE APPLE LEAF MINER. 39 

of birds. Starlings are particularly fond of them. Handpicking the 
larvae is still more effective. I have entirely cleared them out of my 
ovi^n garden in this way. 

Fresh gas lime worked into the land in autumn has been tried 
with some amount of success. 

Apterite proved an admirable remedy, destroying this and other 
ground larvae without in any way damaging the plants. 

THE APPLE LEAF MINER. 

Lyonetia clerckella (Linn.). 

Two cases of serious damage to apple trees by the larvae of this 
small Tineid moth have been reported on. The leaves on the trees 
were mined in all directions ; and three or four larvae in each leaf were 
not at all uncommon. As a result, most of the leaves fell at the end of 
July and early in August. 

I know of only one record of this species damaging to any appre- 
ciable extent the foliage of fruit trees ; that is one mentioned by Mr. 
Fred. V. Theobald '"' as occurring in Huntingdonshire. 

The life-history is described by the same author and the following 
abbreviated account is taken from his description. 

The female, as a rule, deposits a single egg on each apple or cherry 
leaf. From this the larva hatches and bores into the leaf, feeds upon 
the soft tissue, and forms a sinuous tunnel, which gradually enlarges 
as the larva increases in size. The larva varies in colour from pale to 
deep apple green. The period of larval life varies ; some were mature 
in four weeks after the tunnels were first noticed ; others not until five 
weeks. 

When full fed, the larvae eat their way out of the tunnel and crawl 
upon the leaf, forming a cocoon on the upper, or more generally, lower 
side of the leaf. The pupal stage lasts from ten to twenty days. Three 
or four broods occur in a year. During the winter months the moths 
hibernate in crevices, under rubbish, etc. 

Preventive and Remedial Measures. 

In the two cases referred to above, hand-picking and burning the 
leaves proved successful. 

THE APPLE ERMINE MOTH. 

Hyponomeuta malinella^ Zell. 

Thanks to the combined action of numerous fruit growers, and to 
many correspondents possessing only a few apple trees in their kitchen 
gardens, this pest has been considerably reduced in the Midland coun- 
ties. 



(i.) Second Rpt. Econ. Zool., 1904, p. 37. 



40 



REPORT ON INJURIOUS INSECTS FOR 1907. 



In quite a number of cases where this moth was present on apple 
trees in private gardens, the tents were collected and destroyed, and 
winter spraying was resorted to, often for the hrst time. The time, 
trouble, and cost, in no case was serious, but the benefit conferred upon 
the fruit growing community by this wise and thoughtful action must 
have been considerable. 




Fig. 13.— Tknt ok tiu- .Vri'i.i: Kumink Moth, showiii.u mollis just cincriic-d. 

Private gardens are often a considerable source of danger to the 
fruit grower ; but a direct and tactful rcpicsentation to the owners I 
find seldom fails in speedily removing the nuisance. Of course there 
are cases where a stubborn and indifferent attitude is maintained ; and 
it is difficult to know how to deal with such thoughtless and selfish 
people. Fortunately, in the Midlands, they arc few and far between. 



THE RASPBERRY GALL MIDGE. 4I 

THE RASPBERRY GALL MIDGE. 

Lasioptera rubi^ Schrk. 

Two cases of the occurrence of this Gall Midge have been reported 
upon. The first was found on brambles, but only very few galls were 
present. 

The second case, and the most interesting, was a bad attack on 
raspberry canes. Here the galls were numerous and large, the largest 
measuring over an inch across. The grower informed me that he had 
noticed a few in the previous year, in consequence of which there was 
little or no fruit during the past season. 

Life- History. 

About the end of May, or early in June, the female fly deposits 
her eggs, eight to fifteen in number, at the base of the buds. These 
hatch out in from eight to ten days, and the young larvae at once 
commence to make their way through the epidermis. After a short 
time, a distinct swelling appears ; the holes formed by the larvae in 
the epidermis are closed from within ; and the gall, as it is now termed, 
commences to thicken. Within the gall the larvae feed, becoming full- 
fed in the following April. The larvae, like those of many Gall-Midges, 
are a bright orange colour, or orange with a faint tinge of red. Early 
in May pupation takes place and the flies appear at the end of May, 
or early in June. 

Preventive and Remedial Measures. 

Winter spraying with the Vi Fluid will probably penetrate the galls 
and kill the larvae. 

Spraying the canes with soft soap and soot will prevent the flies 
depositing their eggs. 

Cutting off the galls and burning the same will of course lessen 
the pest, but this is a somewhat difficult task on a large area. 

THE ASH CAULIFLOWER GNAT. 

Cecidomyia fraxinella^ Meade. 

This minute fly has been particularly plentiful in the Midland 
counties during the past year, disfiguring young Ash trees. 

It is a small brownish-yellow insect, with black head, and covered 
with minute hairs. 

Described originally by Dr. Meade '"' as belonging to the genus 
Diplosis, owing to the characteristic antennae, but resembling Cecidomyia 
in that the direction of the cubital vein more resembles the condition 
obtained in this last mentioned genus. This author was of opinion 
that it was probably the same insect as the one described by Winnertz, 
under the name of C. minuta, '^' a view, however, from which I must 

(i.) Entom. Mon. Mag., 1888, vol. 25, p. 77. (2.) Monog. Gallmucken, p. 250. 



42 REPORT ON INJURIOUS INSECTS FOR I907. 

differ. I think there is very httle doubt as to its being specifically 
distinct from that species. 

THE WILLOW MIDGE. 

Cecidomyia rosarin, Li v. 

The rose-shaped galls formed by the larvae of this tiny midge 
have been received on various species of willow. 

It has been particularly prevalent during the past year ; but it 
can scarcely be described as a pest, as the damage is extremely small. 

THE PEAR MIDGE. 

Diplosis pyrlvora, Riley. 

For the first time for many years I am able to record a diminution 
of this pest in many orchards where hitherto it has been very plentiful. 
This improvement has been brought about entirely by burying the 
surface soil. 

During the year I have made a number of experiments on the 
larvae and pupae. 

In June last Mr. J. Lees sent me, from Kent, some larvae and 
pupae which were dipped in the Vi Fluid, i in 100, the larvae were 
killed in about fifteen minutes, and the pupae in about thirty-five. 
Mr. Lees suggested, as a result of this experiment, that possibly it 
might be worth while saturating the ground, say about the end of 
May, beneath affected trees. 

A second experiment with Apterite points to a more practical 
remedy, however ; full particulars of which I hope to give in a later 
Report. 

THE ONION FLY. 

PJiorbia cfpaniiit, Bouche. 

Although I have had only a single case of this pest reported by 
correspondents during the past year, two of my Voluntary Observers 
have sent in long accounts of the mischief done in Warwickshire and 
Staffordshire. 

Life- History. 

The female ily deposits her eggs on the young leaves of the Onion, 
close to the earth. The larvae hatch out in a few days, and make their 
way into the base of the bulb, where they feed for two or three weeks. 
Miss Ormerod st<ates a fortnight, but I have notes of a case where the 
larvae were in the bulbs for nearly a montli. Tiiey then pass out of the 
bulb into the soil, and there change into pupae, from which the tlies 
issue in about fourteen days, and again attack the plants which had 
previouslv escaped. Given favourable weather, and the recjuisite food 
plant, there may be three or four broods. 



the frit fly. 43 

Preventive and Remedial Measures. 

Wherever an infestation has been experienced, onions should not 
be grown on the same ground the following year. The soil should also 
be deeply ploughed or trenched, and an application of Apterite given. 

The remedies which have been recommended from time to time 
are very numerous, but mostly ineffective ; amongst these may be men- 
tioned watering the rows with paraffin oil and water, soap-suds, house- 
slops, and liquid manure ; dusting with gas-lime, soot, charcoal dust, etc. 

THE FRIT FLY. 

Oscimis frit^ Linn. 

In the Midland counties, and generally throughout the country, the 
larvae of this small fly have been particularly plentiful ; and oats and 
barley have suffered to a considerable extent. 

Life- History. 

The flies appear from April to May, the females depositing their 
eggs on the leaves of the young plants. On hatching, the larva — 
which is a small, fleshy, legless maggot — makes its way to the lower 
part of the plant, and thence into the centre of the stem, subsequently 
pupating there. About the middle of July the second brood of flies 
appears ; and the females lay their eggs on various grasses, and, if 
sufficiently developed, in the ears of oats and barley. 

The third brood of flies appears in August or September, the 
females depositing their eggs on dift'erent wild grasses, and the flies 
from this generation issuing from the puparia in the following spring. 

Preventive and Remedial Measures. 

The importance of early sowing will at once be fully recognised, 
and the advantage of a dressing of artificials to stimulate growth. 

Wherever an attack has been noticed the previous season, the 
land should be ploughed with a skim-coulter attached ; or deep 
ploughing resorted to. 

Oats and barley should be planted the next season as far away 
as possible from areas previously affected. 

All wild grasses should be destroyed. 

THE CARROT RUST FLY. 

Psila rosae (Fabr.). 

The last bad attack we had of this fly in the Midlands was in 1902 
and 1903, since, I have had few cases until the past season, during 
which they have been somewhat numerous. 



44 REPORT ON INJURIOUS INSECTS FOR I907. 

The following brief account of the hfe-history is repeated from my 
First Report, p. 10 : — 

It makes its appearance in the early spring and lays its eggs upon 
the carrot roots just below the ground, upon hatching out the larva, 
which is nearly a quarter of an inch long, without legs, and yellowish 
in colour, with the anterior end pointed, makes its way into the lower 
part of the carrot, and then commences working upwards, making 
passages in all directions. Leaving the carrot it goes into the earth and 
pupates. The last generation remains in the pupal stage until the 
following spring. 

From the different accounts which have been given of the life- 
history, it is evident that there is much variation and great irregularity 
in the development. 

Preventive and Remedi.^l Me.aslres. 

When the plants are singled the soil should be closely pressed 
around the root, so as to prevent the flies depositing their eggs there. 
Heavy watering has also been recommended for the same purpose. 

Sand or ashes saturated with paraffin, scattered over the young 
plants, tends to keep the flies oft' them. Watering with paraffin and 
water, i gill of the former to i gallon of the latter, after thinning has 
also proved successful. 

A dressing of gas-lime dug into the soil before sowing has answered 
in many localities, as also strong liquid manure when the flies are first 
noticed. 

An application of Apterite to the land will probably prove the most 
effective method of treating this pest. 

THE GOUT FLY. 

Clilorops taoiiopus^ Meig. 
In Worcestershire and Warwickshire, wheat, barley, and rye, have 
been badly attacked by " Gout." 

Life- History. 

The long, greenish-white eggs are deposited by the female, early 
in May, on the sheathing leaves of the developing ear. On hatching 
out, the larva pierces its way through the leaves, eating into the base of 
the ear, upon which it feeds. Later, it makes a channel down the stem 
to the first node or joint, and there pupates beneath the leaves. The 
fly appears in about twelve or fourteen days. 

There are two broods in a year, Ihc second oik- laying its eggs 
upon wild grasses. 

In some of the infected wheat I examined, only a single larva was 
found in each stem. In others, however, not apparently attacked much 
more severelv. there were two, and in a few cases, three larvae. 



the pea leaf miner. 45 

Preventive Measures. 

The only measures that can be taken are those of a preventive 
nature. 

As in the case of the Frit Fly, early sown crops are less liable to 
attack than late ones. Miss Ormerod'"' reports that a correspondent 
informed her that of a field of barley infested by this fly : " The field 
was sown in three patches, as the preceding crop of Swedes was fed 
off. The first patch was sown in March, and is practically free from 
injury. The second part was sown on April 6th, and is affected to the 
extent of about 2 per cent. The third part was sown on May 3rd, and 
has suffered to the extent of not less than 20 per cent." 

All wild grasses should be kept down. 

Autumn and Winter sown crops should not be put close to fields 
that have been previously infected. 

THE PEA LEAF MINER. 

Phytomyza pisi^ Kalt. 

Early in July, a Worcestershire correspondent forwarded a bundle 
of peashoots attacked by the larvae of this small dipterous fly, which 
had caused considerable damage. 

The larvae had worked from the edges of the leaves towards the 
point of attachment to the stem. In some cases they had continued 
to mine into the stem itself, tunnelling down for some distance. 

The larvae are greyish- white in colour and, when full-fed, about 3.5 
millim. in length. In the leaves where the mining had just commenced 
they pupated in 32 days. Most of the larvae desert the leaves and 
stems and pupate in the soil ; but a few were noticed in the leaves ; 
and the flies were bred out from these. 

In all probability the flies which hatch out in the early spring 
from the pupae mentioned above, attack wuld lathyri, and it is the 
second brood that attacks the cultivated variety. 

The most effective method of dealing with this pest, which, given 
favourable conditions, might become a very serious one, is to burn the 
haulm before the larvae pupate. FaiHng this the ground should be 
dressed with Apterite sometime during the winter. 

THE ORCHID MIDGE. 

Isosoiiia orchkieariiin, J.O.W. 

Orchids damaged by this tiny fly have been received from a 
Worcestershire correspondent. 

The opinion held by many horticulturists is that this fly is intro- 
duced with imported plants, Cattleya mendeli being one of the worst 

(i) Man. Inj. Insects, 1890, p 77. 



46 REPORT OX INJURIOUS INSECTS FOR 1907. 

affected, and they recommend that all freshly unported Callleyas should 
be carefully examined, and if found to be affected, cleaned and 
fumigated. 

Badly affected plants should be burnt at once, and fumigation with 
Hydrocyanic acid gas resorted to (see p. 56). The various advertised 
nicotine fumigants, so largely used by gardeners, are unsatisfactory. 

THE YELLOW WOOD WA5P. 

Sir ex gigos, Linn. 

Not for manv years past has this insect been so plentiful, and 
numerous examples have been received for identification, as well as 
damaged pieces of Firs, etc. 

The female deposits her eggs in holes bored in the Fir or Spruce ; 
and the larvae eat out a curved tunnel in the softer layers of the wood. 
They hibernate in these tunnels during the winter ; and in the follow- 
ing year make their way into the deeper layers, and to the heart of the 
tree. The second winter is also spent in these tunnels, and early in the 
summer of the third year they pass to the open end of the tunnels, form 
a pupal chamber, which they line with a glazed coating, and there 
pupate. 

The perfect insects emerge in July and August, either by one of the 
larval tunnels, or by boring a short passage through the wood. 

Preventive Measures. 

All coniferous timber that is weakly or damaged should be removed 
from the forest, etc. 

Stumps, broken wood, and felled trees should not be allowed to 
remain. 

Badly attacked trees are best cut and burnt early in the year. 

THE PEAR SAWFLY. 

Tenlhrciio ic'nisi\ Linn. 

A Staffordshire correspondent reported a serious attack oi this 
pest in August last on pear trees. 

LiFE-HlSTORV. 

The flies appear in July, and the female lays her eggs on the upper 
side of the leaves of the pear and cherry. The larvae hatch out in 
a few days, and feed upon tlie upper surface of tlic leaves. Tiie familiar 
name of slug-worm, so often applied to the caterpillar stage, is very 
suitable. They arc a dark green in colour, broadest at the head end 
and almost perfectly smooth. They possess ten pairs of feet. In four 
to six weeks they become full-fed, and cast their skins. They are then 



THE PEAR SAWFLY. 47 

a yellowish colour. They now leave the leaves and in the ground spin 
a silky cocoon, covered outside with soil, here they pupate and remain 
until the following July. 

Preventive and Remedial Measures. 

Wherever an attack of this insect has been experienced the surface 
soil should, in so far as possible, be turned over in order to bury the 
pupae. 

Respecting sprayfluids, lime water and tobacco-water have been 
recommended, but I have found nothing better than tw^o applications 
of V2 Fluid, the second application to follow in a day or two after 
the first. 

Dusting the trees twdce with slaked lime, as a fine powder, is often 
effective. Here again the second application should follow the first 
in a day or so. 



48 REPORT OX INJUKIOrS IXSFXTS FOR 1907. 



PARASITIC DISEASES OF ANIMALS. 



RED WORMS. 

Sclcrosloiiiiiin nnnnliiin^ Duj. 

A Warwickshire correspondent wrote describing a disease his 
horses were suffering from in February last. A visit was paid to the 
farm, and a careful inspection made of, and a Report upon the same. 

The cause of the disease was a small nematode worm, commonly 
known as " Red Worm," the " Red Strongyle," or the " Armed 
Sclerostome." It is a common parasite in this country and throughout 
Europe. 

Life-History. 

The eggs of the worm pass from the horse, and either on damp 
ground or in water they develop in two or three days into tiny 
white worms. Should the eggs fall on to dry ground they will retain 
their vitality for some weeks. 

The embryos are taken into the intestinal canal of the horse, either 
in the drinking water, or off damp grass. On reaching the intestines, 
they commence to burrow their way into the mucous membrane of 
the intestinal wall and ultimately pass into the blood system. They 
are now carried with the blood stream, and on reaching the main 
arteries form an aneurism — swellings caused by thickening of the wall 
of the vessel. 

These swellings varv in size from that of a pea to a man's head, 
but average that of a walnut. 

In the clot of blood occupying each swelling the cnilnyo worms 
live. By this time they have developed to a length of about five- 
eighths of an inch, and now assume a pink or reddish colour. 

The fact of the formation of these aneurisms is what constitutes 
this parasite so serious a danger, for, owing to clots passing from the 
swellings, small arterial blood vessels become blocked. Short and 
violent colics often ensue from this cause, or the small blood vessels 
may rupture and cause the death of the animal. Owing to (he 
diminished blood supply to the intestinal region chronic indigestion 
troubles are set up. 

ritimately the parasites are carried by the blood stream to the 
walls of the intestines again, and burrowing back they reach the sub- 
mucous layer, where they form cyst-like tumours, varying in size from 
that of a pin head to that of a ha/el-nnt. Here (hey remain for some 
time, finally escaping by a hole at the sununit. and passing into the 



THE LIVER FLUKE. 49 

large intestine (caecum or colon) where they become mature. After 
the female has deposited her eggs in large numbers, both sexes and 
eggs are passed out of the animal's body with its excreta. 

Preventive and Remedial Measures. 

Prompt action is very necessary when an animal shows any 
symptoms of being attacked by this parasite. 

The animal should be immediately stalled and all excreta burnt. 
The stall should be frequently and thoroughly cleansed with Cooper's 
Fluid. 

As regard vermifuges, Thymol given in 15 gram doses in milk 
seems to be the only satisfactory one. A dose should be given on 
two consecutive mornings, the last being followed in three or four 
hours by a dose of castor oil. 

Thymol sometimes causes bleeding from the animals nose, but 
nothing of a serious nature. More frequently when a horse is badly 
attacked and reduced owing to the parasites, a partial collapse may 
follow the use of this drug. A stimulant should be administered in 
such cases. 

It is important to bear in mind that the eggs of this parasite may 
very easily be distributed on dirt on implements, men's boots, etc. 

In pastures where affected horses have been, sheep should be 
put. 

Care should be taken to see that only pure spring water is given 
to the horses, and wherever an attack of "Red Worms" has prevailed, 
all dykes, ditches, and drinking ponds should be well cleaned. 

Cleanliness, good food, and pure water are all important. 

THE LIVER FLUKE. 

Fasciola (Distomiim) hepatica (Linn.). 

The adult liver-fluke is a flat unsegmented worm, about an inch 
and a half in length, and half an inch in breadth. It lives in the bile 
ducts of certain animals, particularly those of the sheep, and gives rise 
to the disease known as liver-rot. 

The liver-fluke, like many parasitic worms, is hermaphrodite, i.e.^ 
contains the two sets of reproductive organs in the one animal. 

The eggs are deposited in large numbers in the bile ducts, and pass 
with the bile into the intestine, and ultimately escape with the faeces. 

If these eggs are deposited in damp places or in water, they give 
rise to a free-swimming larva, which after a time (which must be within 
8 hours of hatching) bores its way into the body of a small freshwater 
snail Limnaea truncatiila. Within the body of the snail, generally in 
the pulmonary chamber, the larva develops into an elongated sac — the 



50 REPORT ON FX.irKIOrS IXSKCTS FOR 1907. 

sporocysl, within whose body are produced a second generation known 
as rcdiae^ these force their way out of the sporocyst and now wander 
about the body of the snail. 

The next change is that in the bodies of these rciiiae a series of tailed 
forms known as ccrcariac are formed, they escape, and then work their 
way out of the snail, and as this snail is amphibious, and is often found 
outside the water, the ccrcariac may be set free either in the water or 
on the grass. On the grass they lose their tails, become encysted, and 
are swallowed by the sheep with the grass. In the stomach of the 
sheep they escape from their cysts and make their way into the bile 
ducts, and in about six weeks time become fully developed liver-flukes. 

Prevention .and Tre.atment. 

Wherever rot is found amongst a flock of sheep it is better to 
send them to the butcher at once. If this is not practicable, they 
should be moved on to well-drained, dry ground, and given a daily 
allowance of salt, and plenty of dry nutritious food. It is not advisable 
to leave sheep for any lengthened period on the same pasture. 

Livers of affected sheep should not be fed to dogs raw, but first 
well boiled. 

Pastures known to have had infected animals on should be treated 
with lime, all ditches and ponds should be cleaned out, and all coarse 
grass, reeds, etc., should be cleared out and treated with unslaked or 
gas lime. 

THE 'QID' PARASITE. 

Taenia cacniiriis, Kuch. 

One of the most serious parasites affecting sheep is the larval stage 
of a tapeworm parasitic in its adult condition in the intestine of dogs. 
The disease it gives rise to is commonly termed gid, staggers, sturdy, 
or turnsick. 

The disease has been known to tlockmasters and others for nearly 
llucc hundred years, and it is estimated that it causes an annual loss 
of ten per cent in this country. In other countries, however, it has 
risen to thirty and forty per cent. 

T.iEK- History. 

A dog infected with Taenia cacnunis — the species of tapeworm, 
scatters the eggs and gravid segments on the ground. In moist places 
these may live for some weeks, but if exposed to hot, dry weather 
they soon die. 

Both sheep and cattle swallow some of these eggs when either 
drinking or grazing. Once they reach the stomach of tlie host, the 
digestive juices dissolve the shells of the eggs and set free the embryo. 



SCABIES IX DOGS AND HORSES. 51 

These embryos then commence and bore their way out of the 
intestine into the tissues. Some make their way into the blood vessels and 
are carried to different parts of the body. Only those, however, continue 
to develop which reach the brain or spinal cord. The embryo now 
commences to burrow along the surface of the brain, and in a few 
days becomes stationary, forming a tiny vesicle or bladderworm. At 
first this is about one eighth of an inch in diameter, but on the twenty- 
fourth day it is the size of a pea. By the thirty-eighth day it is the 
size of a cherry and the heads begin to grow, new heads appear, but 
none reach their full development until the end of two, or three months. 

When such a brain is eaten by a dog the wall of the vesicle is 
digested, but the heads remain uninjured and attach themselves to the 
wall of the intestine and develop into adult tapeworms. In about eight 
or nine weeks the posterior segments of the worm become filled 
with eggs, and breaking away from the rest they pass down the dog's 
intestine. 

Generally speaking, lambs and yearlings are the animals attacked, 
it being exceptional to find gid in animals over two years old. 

Those breeds which graze close are said to be more susceptible 
than others. 

Prevention and Treatment. 

Prevention of this disease is a simple matter, but there is no treat- 
ment of any value once the animal is attacked. 

Dogs attending sheep, or on the farm, should be systematically 
treated for tapeworms, and whilst such treatment is being carried out, 
they should be kept tied up and all faeces collected and burned. 

The brain and spinal cord of all slaughtered sheep affected with 
gid should first be well boiled before being fed to dogs, or they should 
be burned. 

REPORT ON SCABIES (MANGE) IN DOGS AND HORSES. 

An enquiry from a Midland County Council respecting Scabies in 
horses and dogs was received in July last, and a full report furnished. 

As there seems to be much misconception concerning the different 
kinds of Scabies in this country a brief account of these may be useful. 

The disease in Man, and various mammals, known as itch, mange, 
scald, etc., and scientifically termed Scabies, is due to certain mites 
belonging to two different families, hence the disease is spoken of as 
Sarcoptinic Scabies and Demodecic Scabies, the former is the commoner 
of the two. 

The Sarcopt or mite of the dog is known as Sarcoptes scahiei var. 
caiiis^ and that of the horse as S.scabiei var. equi. 



D- 



2 REPORT ON INJURIOUS INSECTS FOR I907. 



Another mite Psoroptcs communis var. cqiii, causing a similar disease, 
is found on the horse, and a further species — Choriopics symbioks var. 
cqiiiy and C.cynotis on dogs. 

The horse is therefore affected with three kinds of sarcoptic scabies : 

1. Sarcoptic scabies due to S.scabici var. cqiii. 

2. Psoroptic scabies due to P.communis var. cqui. 

3. Chorioptic scabies due to C.symbiotcs var. cqiii. 
Varieties of two of these occur on the dog, and although horses 

can contract sarcoptic mange by contact with that animal or any other 
mammal susceptible of being affected with a similar form of disease, 
such cases of transmission are rare. 

The Dog is affected with two kinds of sarcoptic scabies : — 

1. Sarcoptic scabies due to S.scabiei var. cniiis. 

2. Chorioptic scabies due to C.cyiiolis var. cniiis. 
According to certain authorities the tirst of these can be conveyed 

to the pig and horse, although such cases are uncommon. 

The second form of scabies is produced by a parasite — Dcmodex 
follicitlonim^ which lives in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands of 
various species of mammals. 

In the dog this gives rise to what is known as Follicular Mange. 
Black Mange, etc. 

The parasite has been found in llic horse, but is rare. 

THE WARBLE FLY. 

Hxpodcrma liiicata (Villers). 

Hxpodcniia boris (Dc Geer). 

The Ox Warble Fly has for many years been a serious pest in this 
country. There are two species of Hies — Hypodcrmn lincata and 
H. bovis — and many of the accounts treating of the latter species really 
refer to the former. The aggregate loss due to "Warbles" in this 
country is enormous, and has been variously estimated at from £2 to 
^7,000,000 per annum. 

Li IT.- History. 

TI1C life-history of the connnoner species, H.liiuala is now com- 
paratively well known. 

The lly deposits her eggs upon the hair oi the beast on the legs, but 
they may be placed elsewhere. I'sually there are several eggs together, 
four to six on a single hair. 

The egg is about one-twelfth of .in inch in length, and lirmly 
attached to the liair by a cl.isper-like jirocess. 

Miss Ormerod at fust thought that the eggs were deposited under 
the skin of the .inim.il. but later she admitted tiiat this was contrary to 
J.icts, for it had been pointed out by Bracy Clark that the ovipositor of 



THE WARBLE FLY. 53 

the female is a long flexible tube, telescopic in structure and quite 
incapable of piercing the skin. 

The animal licks off the eggs, and the larvae hatched from them 
are carried into the mouth by the tongue. 

The maggots then pass into the gullet, and penetrate the walls and 
wander about in the tissues, finally taking up their position along the 
back, immediately beneath the hide. 

They next become spiny, and at this stage commence to produce 
considerable irritation. A swelling now arises — the "warble" — the 
summit of which is perforated. Towards this aperture the tail end of 
the bot (on which are two spiracles or pores) is directed, and through it 
it breathes. 

Around the bot there is now formed a quantity of pus and blood 
upon which it feeds, developing rapidly and undergoing a moult, it 
becomes mature. By means of the spines it makes its way out of the 
warble-cell and falls to the ground. It there enters the pupal or 
chrysalis stage and in from three to six weeks time the fly escapes. 

The flies usually appear about the middle of May, and on until 
September is well in. 

H.hovis is as yet imperfectly known. It is said to lay its eggs on 
the skin. Other observers state that the eggs are always laid in the 
middle line of the back, on each side of the spine, about the region of 
the shoulders. But, strange to say no one seems to have found the eggs 
there themselves. 

In a recent valuable paper Mr. A. D. Imms,''' who has carefully 
examined the evidence, states : — 

" There are at least three possible courses for the life-history of the 
larva of H.hovis^ viz : — 

That the larva on hatching immediately eats its way through the 
hide and wanders for a short distance in the sub-cutaneous tissue. It 
eventually returns to the surface and gives rise to the well-known 
tumours or warbles (Ormerod and others). 

Or, having bored its way through the skin, it wanders very 
extensively in the tissues of its host, frequently entering the spinal 
canal through the intervertebral spaces. In other instances the larvae 
wander to the oesophagus and become embedded in the walls. In both 
cases they subsequently return to the sub-cutis, and there complete their 
development (Koorevaar). 

Or, that the larvae do not bore through the skin at all, but are 
taken into the throat of the ox, by means of the latter licking parts of 
the body where the eggs are deposited. On reaching the oesophagus 
they hatch out from the eggs, and slowly bore through the walls of the 
former. They then wander about the tissues of the animal, working 
their way upwards at the same time, and not infrequently effect an 

(i) Journ. Economic Biology, igo6, vol. i, pp. 74-91. 



54 REPORT ON INJl'KIOrS IXSF.CTS FOR I907. 

entrance into the spinal canal. Eventually they reach the skin as before 
(Ruser and others). 

Which of these possibilities comes nearest to what really takes 
place during the normal life-history of the larva cannot be decided in 
the existing state of our knowledge. It is necessary to point out that 
this important question can only be ascertained by means of prolonged 
and carefully conducted experiments made with the cattle themselves. 

How long the insect spends in the larval state is at present unknown. 
The fact that the flies themselves are found during the summer, while 
the small larvae have been found in the tissues of oxen during the 
winter months by Koorevaar, Koch, and the other observers quoted, 
seems to indicate that, during the earlv part of the larval history, 
growth is extremely slow, though tlie larvae may migrate a good deal in 
the tissues of their host." 

Prevention- \sd Treatment. 

The preventive measures winch have been found effective are : — 
(i) To let the cattle have plenty of shelter. 
(2) To spray the beasts with some strong smelling substance, 
such as carbolic acid, paraffin, oil of tar, etc. 
Certain breeders inform me tliat if this is done, say once a week, it 
is an effective preventive. 

As to treatment, all that can be done is to squeeze the mature 
hots out of the warbles and destroy them. 

THE SHEEP FLY. 

Liiciliii si-riciiUi (Meigen). 
Liicilid cdcsiir (Linn.). 

There are two species of Sheep Flv which in appearance and habits 
closely resemble one another. 

During the hot weather thev mav be observed tlying about the 
sheep, and depositing eggs in small clusters of hfteen to twenty in the 
wool. 

Tile hrst eggs deposited are usually laid in the anal region of the 
sheep, no dimbt atliaclcd bv the ndour of tlie faeces. 

In about twenty-four hours llic tinv maggots hatch out, and at lirst 
live in the lilthy wool, but after a short time, bv means of their mouth 
hooks, they burrow into the skin. When full grown the maggots are 
about half-an-inch in length, maturity being reached in a fortnight or 
three weeks. They now drop to the ground and pupate. 

A single female may lay as many as live hundred eggs, and as 
the life cycle is short, there mav ite a ninnber of generations during 
the season. 



THE SHEEP FLY. 55 

Where there are a large number of flies the eggs may be deposited 
on the shoulders, loins, sides, and belly. 

An animal attacked may easily be distinguished by the matting of 
the wool, the continual wagging of the tail, and the rubbing, scratching, 
and biting of themselves in their endeavours to allay the irritation caused 
by the feeding maggots. The inflammation may be considerable, and 
the places attacked may have an evil-smelling semi-fluid discharge. In 
bad attacks the wool becomes discoloured, falls out, and fails to grow 
again. 

Apart from this loss — the animals — and especially lambs — become 
much emaciated. 

Dr. Stewart Mac Dougall, who has devoted special attention to 
this parasite, makes the following recommendations : — 

1. " During the fly season let the sheep be kept as clean as possible, 
that they may be the less likely to attract the fly. 

2. Attack is moi-e likely on low-lying sheltered parts of the meadows, 
where there is moisture and rank growth, than in the open. 

3. Let the neighbourhood of any wounds be dressed with some- 
thing that will prevent the female from egg-laying — for example, paraffin. 

4. Careful and repeated inspection to ensure that the attack will 
be dealt with as soon as possible, so that the maggots being killed, 
succeeding generations are made impossible. It will be remembered 
that potentially a maggot may represent four hundred succeeding flies. 

5. Isolate diseased sheep. 

6. Where the maggots have bored into the flesh, and the wounds 
are deep, the sheep should be killed, or, as treatment is difficult, let 
a veterinary surgeon be called in. 

7. The maggots are not difftcult to kill. Where seen they should 
be picked oft", or where they have got to work let the wool be shorn 
a little, and the parts dressed with turpentine and rape-oil in equal 
parts, or benzine or carbolic acid should be sprayed over the places," 



56 REPORT ON IX.irRIOUS IXSF.CTS FOR I907. 



APPENDIX A. 

Instructions for using Hydrocyanic Acid Gas. 

This, the most powerful and dangerous poison used in combating 
insect pests, should on no account be used by uninstructed or careless 
people. 

The materials required are a 2 lb. pot jam-jar, in which place 
7 ozs. of water, to which add 4 ozs. of sulphuric acid and, as directed 
below, 2 ozs. of 98 per cent, cyanide of potassium for every 1,000 cubic 
feet of space. 

First make tlic room to be fumigated as air-tight as possible, 
leaving one window to open from the outside. Then wrap up the 
pieces of cyanide in blotting-paper. Having placed in the jam-jar 
the water and acid, place the jar just within the room to be fumigated, 
draw the door nearly to, and with the arm reach in and drop the 
wrapped-up cvanide into the jar, and close the door immediately. 
Strips of paper well sized should then at once be placed over the 
crevices. 

The room should remain closed for from two to three hours ; 
then open the window from the outside, and leave until thoroughly 
well ventilated. Remember the fumes and the cyanide are deadly 
poison. Care should be taken that no one remains outside the door 
of the room as in a passage, as some of the fumes might escape. 

In conservatories, greenhouses, etc., proceed as follows : — Add the 
4 ozs. of sulphuric acid to the 7 ozs. of water in a jar ; then take the 
cyanide, which should be wrapped u}^ in blotting paper, and by means 
of a stick or piece of string drop it into tlic water from the outside 
of the greenhouse. The window or door should then be shut, and the 
house should remain closed for three-quarters of an hour at least, after 
which time thev can be opened to ventilate, butiit should be remembered 
that it is unsafe to enter the house until an hour or more after the win- 
dows and doors have been opened. The best results have been obtained 
at a temperture of 50" F., about one hour after sunset, when the 
foliage is dry.' 

Instructions for using Bisulphidk of Carhon. 

The fumes of this eheniieal, in acklition to being deadly poison to 
all animal life, are also highly inilanuuable. No light — such, for 
instance, as a lighted cigar or pipe — should be brouglit near it. nor 
should it be used wlieie there are electric wires. 



I Mr. G. F. Strawson infoniiH mc that he h.i» obtained better results by pourhig the diluted acid upon 
the cyanide of p<itas>um. usinn ii>> blnttiiif; paper. He has also devised and successfully used in conservatories 
Stc, a scries of fans, cunHistin^ of boards suspended by two cords with a strinj; al c.ich side. The 
strings to the right and left are worked through a hole In the doors, or other woodwork. 



APPENDIX. 57 

For fumigating stores it is best used in a large air-tight tin, into 
which the goods are placed, and then pour the bisulphide into a saucer 
placed upon the goods in the proportion of one pound (i lb.) to every 
thousand (i,ooo) cubic feet of space. The liquid should be poured out 
quickly in order not to inhale the fumes — there is no danger in inhaling 
a small quantity — and the bin closed and kept shut for at least five 
hours, after which time it should be well ventilated, as also the fumi- 
gated goods. 



APPENDIX B. 

For the benefit of those possessing no special knowledge of Ento- 
mology, it may be well to point out that, with a few exceptions, all 
insects are hatched from eggs. From the eggs, the larvae or cater- 
pillars hatch out, and after a time these change into pupae or chrysa- 
lides, each ultimately developing into an imago. 

The Eggs. — These are exceedingly variable in shape, size, and 
colour. They may be laid singly or in groups. Sometimes they are 
protected by a gummy secretion, whilst others are fastened by a short 
thread. The food of the young in nearly all cases determines the 
place where the eggs are deposited, such, for instance, as on leaves, 
close to or in roots, in blossom buds, beneath the bark of trees, on 
cattle, meat, decaying animal or vegetable matter. The number of 
eggs laid by a single insect may be very few or many thousands ; fifty 
to a hundred, however, may be taken as an average. The period of 
hatching, generally speaking, is not of long duration, though there are 
cases where they remain unhatched for a considerable length of time. 

The Larva. — In a few cases this is produced alive, but usually it is 
hatched from an egg. The larvae of Butterflies, Moths, and Sawflies, 
are commonly spoken of as caterpillars^ those of Beetles as gnibs^ while 
those of Flies are known as maggots. 

If a larva possesses legs, the first three segments behind the head 
each carry a pair, which are jointed and known as thoracic or true 
legs. Legs may also be present on the posterior segments, but these 
are never jointed ; they are known as pseiidopods or prolegs. 

It is often very difficult to say exactly to what particular order a 
larva belongs, but speaking in general terms, we may say that the 
larvae of Butterflies and Moths exhibit the following characters : A 
well-defined head provided with biting jaws, a pair of jointed hmbs on 
each of the first three segments behind the head, a pair of pseudopods 
on the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth segments, making a total of 
sixteen. The " Looper " caterpillars have pseudopods on the ninth and 
twelfth segments, making a total of ten. The caterpillars of a few 
months are footless. 



58 REPORT 0\ IXJrKlOrS IN'SECTS FOK TQOy. 

The larvae of Beetles possess a well-detined head and biting j'^^^'^, 
and a pair of jointed legs on the first three segments behind the head 
(Rose Chafer) or legs are entirely absent (Garden Weevil). 

The larvae of Flies (Diptera) are generally legless and usually 
the head is merged into the thorax ; some, however, possess pseudo- 
pods and a head. 

Those of the Hymenoptera {e.g., sawflies, wood wasps, etc.) have 
six, eighteen, or twenty-two appendages, and in sawHy larvae the 
second abdominal segment always has a pair of pseudopods ; in some 
cases (wood wasps) the limbs are vestigal, while in other cases they are 
absent. 

The larval stage is usuallv the one in which the insect does the 
greatest amount of damage ; they feed voraciously, the daily con- 
sumption of food often exceeding many times the weight of the larva. 
With a plentiful supply of food they rapidly increase in size, and, 
as the chitinous skin is only capable of a limited expansion, it ulti- 
mately splits, and the larva comes out with a new, and sometimes 
differently-coloured skin. This process, known as iitoiiltiiiii, usually 
takes place five times, but the number is variable ; 2. 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 
and even 20, 25, and 30 moults are known in different insects. The 
larva is now said to be full-fed, and it changes to a jiup:i or chrysalis. 

The cUn'atioii ot the larval peridd is subject to much wiriatiou ; 
sometimes it is onlv a lew clavs, while in ctlier cases it may last for 
months or even years. 

Tin- Pupa. — The full-fed larva generally either buries itself in 
the ground (Rose Chafer), forming a cell of earthy particles, or spins 
a silky cocoon (Codling Moth), in which it changes to the pupal con- 
dition. After a time the pupal case containing the insect cracks or 
splits, and the perfect insect or iiiingo creeps out. 

The Imago. — This is the fullv-formed insect, and mav be de- 
scribed as an animal consisting of thirteen segments, breathing by 
tracheal tubes, with a single pair of feelers, and having the body 
divided up into three distinct regions — head, llioiax, and abdt)men — 
the three segments of the thorax each carrying a pair of jointed legs. 

On reaching the imago stage, the jxiiring of the sexes is soon 
effected ; the female then lavs her eggs, and shortly afterwards dies, 
the generation or life-cycle being thus completed. In some cases the 
perfect insect only lives a few hours or days, but in others they hiber- 
nate during the winter, and lav their eggs in the following spring. 

Before the depredations of anv particular species of insect can be 
effectively dealt with, it is impfjrt.int that all (he stages and variations 
of the life-cycle should be clearly ami tlioiDughly understood. 



INDEA. 



Abraxas grossttlariata, 36. 

A gratis exclamation is, 38. 

Agrotis segctnin, 37. 

Aiithoiwiniis poinornm, 31. 

Aphides on apple, 24 ; hops, 23 ; plums, 

20 ; willows, 24. 
Aphiditis silencs, 20. 
Aphis pruni, 20. 
Apple attacked by Aphis, 24 ; Apple 

Sucker, 29 ; Ermine Moth, 39 ; 

Leat Miner, 39 ; Weevil, 31 ; Wood 

Leopard Moth, 35. 
Apple Blossom Weevil, 31. 
Apple Ermine Moth, 39. 
Apple Leaf Miner, 39. 
Apple Sucker, 29. 
Apterite, 19. 
Apterococcus fraxiui, 23. 
Arsenate of Lead, 7 ; 34. 
Ash attacked by Gall Gnat, 41 ; psylla, 

30 ; Scale, 23. 
Ash Cauliflower Gnat, 41. 
Ash Psylla, 30. 

B 
Barley attacked by Gout Fly. 44 ; Frit 

Fly, 43- 

Beech attacked by Scale, 23. 

Big Bud, 10. 

Bisulphide of Carbon, instructions for 
using, 56. 

Black-Currant Gall-Mite, 10. 

Brassy Willow Beetle, 34 ; life-history, 
34 ; preventive and remedial meas- 
ures, 34. 

Brown Currant Scale, 22. 

Brown Scale, 22. 

Briichns pisi, 31. 

Britclius rufimanus, 31. 

Bulb Mite, 20 ; preventive and remedial 
measures, 21. 

C 

Cabbage Gall Weevil, 31. 

Carrot Rust Fly, 43. 

Cattleya mendcli, 45. 

Cecidoinyia rosaria, 42. 

Celery attacked by the larvae of the 

Garden Swift Moth, 35. 
Ceuthorhynchus assimilis, 32. 
Centhorhyuchiis sitlcicollis, 31. 
Chciuiatobia brumata, 36. 
Clilorops taeuiopiis, 44. 
Cliorioptes cynotis var. caiiis, 52. 
Chorioptcs symhioti's var. equi., 52. 
Chorioptic Scabies, 52. 
Cigar Beetle, 34. 

Clover attacked by Eelworms, 19. 
Cryptococciis fagi, 23. 
Crypto rhy II ch lis lapatlii, 33. 
Currant attacked by Currant Moth, 36 ; 

Gall-Mite, 10. 
Currant or Magpie Moth, 36. 

D 

Dactylopins citri, 23. 
Dactylopius longispiniis, 23. 



Demodecic Scabies, 51. 
Demodcx folliculorum, 52. 
Diplosis pyrivora, 42. 
Dogs infected with Tapeworm, 49. 

E 
Eelworms, 17. 
Experiments with the Black-Currant 

Gall-Mite, 10 ; Eelworms, 17 ; 

Insecticides and Fungicides, 7. 
Eriophyes grossulariae, 20. 
Eriophyes ribis, 10. 

F 
Fasciola (Distomtnn) hepatica, 49. 
Felted Ash Coccus, 23. 
Felted Beech Coccus, 23. 
Follicular Mange, 52. 
Frit Fly, 43. 
Fruit Pests, 10 ; 20 ; 22 ; 24 ; 29 ; 31 ; 

35 ; 36 ; 37 ; 39 ; 41 ; 42 ; 46- 

Fruit Tree Root Louse, 29. 
Fumigation of the Soil, 17. 
Fumigating with bisulphide or carbon, 

56. 
Fumigating with hydrocyanic acid gas, 

56. 
Fungi Injurious, 4. 
Fungicides, 7. 

G 
GalcniccUa liiicola, 34. 
Gall Midges, 41 ; 42. 
Garden Swift Moth, 35. 
" Gid " Parasite, 50 ; life-historj', 50 ; 

prevention and treatment, 51. 
Gooseberries attacked by Gall-Mite, 20 ; 

Scale, 22. 
Gooseberry Gall-Mite, 20. 
Gout Fly, 44. 

Grease Banding of fruit trees, 37. 
Great Yellow Underwing Moth, 38 ; 

life-history, 38 ; remedial measures, 

38. 

H 

Harvest Bug, 21. 

Heart and Dart Moth, 38. 

Hepialus lupuliiius, 35. 

Hop Aphis, 23. 

Hyacinths attacked by Mites, 20. 

Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, instructions for 

using, 56. 
Hylobiiis abietis, 32. 
Hypoderma bovis, 52. 
Hypoderma lincata, 52 ; life-history, 52 ; 

prevention and treatment, 54. 
Hypouomcuta inalinclla, 39. 



Imms, A. D., quoted 53. 

Injurious Fungi, 4. 

Insecticides, 7. 

Insect Parasites of Insects, 

Introduction, i. 

Isosoma orchidearum, 45. 



20. 



LacluiHS viminalis, 24. 
Lambs attacked by " Gid," 



50. 



INDEX. 



Lappet Moth, 35, lifc-history, 36. 
Lasiociiiupii ijiicrcifoliii, 35. 
Liisiodcnua Ustticiii, 34. 
Lasiopkra nibi, 41. 
Lccaiiitim luniispluricitiii, 22. 
Liciiiiiiiiii piisiiiii- var. d'n///, 22. 
Lccs, J, cited, 42. 
Lcptiis tiiitiinniiilis, 21. 
Lime and Salt SpraytUiid, 7. 
Liver Fluke, 49 ; life-history, 49 ; pre- 
vention and treatment, 50. 
Lucilia cmsiir, 54. 
Lmiliii siihtitii, 54 ; life-history, 54. 
Lyouctia clcrkillii, 39. 

M 

MacDougall, Dr. Stewart, quoted 55. 
Mange (see Scabies). 
May Bug, 30. 
Meade, Dr. cited, 41. 
Mealy Bugs, 23. 

N 

Newstead, Robert, cited, 23. 



Oats attacked bv EeKvorms, 19 ; Frit 
Fly, 43- 

Oliphant, P. Blair, Report on treatment 
for " Big Bud," 12. 

Onion Fly, 42 ; life-history, 42 ; pre- 
ventive and remedial measures, 43. 

Orchard Inspection, 3. 

Orchid Midge, 45. 

Ormerod, Miss E. quoted, 45. 

Oscinus frit, 43. 

Osier Weevil, 33 ; life-history, 33 ; 
remedial measures, 33. 

P 

Parasitic Diseases of Animals, 48. 

Pea Aphis, 20. 

Pea Beetle, 31 ; life-history, 31 ; pre- 
ventive and remedial measures, 31. 

Pea Leaf Miner, 45. 

Pea Thrips, 21. 

Peas attacked by Beetles, 31 ; Leaf 
Miner, 45 ; Thrips, 21. 

Pear Midge, 42. 

Pear Sawtly, 46 ; life-history, 46 ; pre- 
ventive and remedial measures, 47. 

Phobia ctf'iiniiii, 42. 

I'lioroiioii liuiiiitii, 23. 

I'liylUulcclti vitillinuc, 34. 

I'liyllotlcciti viilf^tilissintit, 34. 

I'liyllof'irllia horticola, 30. 

I'hyioDiyzii pisi, 45. 

Pine Weevil, 20 ; life-history, 20 ; pre- 
ventive and remedial measures, 21. 

Plum Avis, 20. 

Psila tosiic, 43. 

I'sorof'lis cotitmiinis var. ti/iii, f:,2. 

I'sylhi fiitxiiii, 30. 

Psyllii iiiiili, 29. 

R 

Raspberry Gall Midge, 41 ; lifc-history, 
41 ; preventive and remedial meas- 
ures, 41. 



Red Worms, 48 ; life-history, 48 ; pre- 
ventive and remedial measures, 49. 
liliizo^lyf'liiis cdiiiiof'iis, 20. 
Riley, Charles V., quoted, i. 
Root-Knot Disease, 19. 
Rye attacked by Gout Fly, 44. 

S 

Sanderson, E. Dwight, quoted, 1. 
Stiiroptfs sctihici var. Ciuiis, 51. 
Siinoptcs sctihiii var. ii]iii, 51. 
Sarcoptinic Scabies, 51. 
Scabies (Mange) in Horses and Dogs, 51. 
Scale Insects, 22 ; 23. 
Scliizotiriini focliciis, 29. 
Scliizoiniini Imiii^irij, 24. 
ScUivsloiniiiii iiniiiilnni, 48. 
Sheep Fly, 54. 
Si/>lioiiopltoni pisi, 20. 
Sinw iiii^iis, 40. 
Soil Fumigation, 17. 
SprayHuids, 7. 
Stedman, J. M., quoted, 26. 
Strawson, G. F., cited, 56. 
Strawberry plants attacked by larvae 
of Garden Swift Moth, 35. 

T 
Taenia caiiinriis, 50. 
Tiiitlnrdo ccrasi, 46. 
Theobald, V. V., cited, n ; 39. 
Tomatoes attacked by Eelworm, 19. 
Thrips pisi'i'ora, 21. 
Triphaciia proiiiiba, 38. 
TroDibitiiuiu holoscricfiiiii, 21. 
Tulips attacked by Mites, 20. 
rurnips attacked b\' Dart Moth, 37 ; 

Weevil, 32. 
Turnip Dart Moth, 37. 
Turnip Seed Weevil, 32. 

V 

Vi Fluid, 7. 

Vaporite, 29 ; 37. 

Vegetable Marrow attacked by Eel- 
worms, It). 

W 

Warble Fly, s^- 

Wheat attacked by Gout Fly, 44. 

Willow attacked by Aphis, 24 ; beetles, 
33 ; gall-midge, 42. 

Willow Ajihis, 24. 

Willow Beetles, 33. 

Willow Midge, 42. 

Winter Beans attackeii by larvae of 
Garden Swift Moth, 35. 

Winter Moth, 30. 

Winter Spraying, value of, 2 ; 23 ; 37. 

Wood Leopard Moth, 35 ; life-history, 
35 ; preventive and remedial meas- 
ures, 35. 

Woolly Aphis, 24 ; life-history, 24 ; pre- 
ventive and remedial measures, 28. 

Y 

Yellow Wood Wasp, 4<) ; life-history, 
4^ ; preventive measures, 46. 

Z 
/.ciiziia iitsmli, 35. 



HORTICULTURAL REQUISITES. 



"GISHURST COMPOUND" 

For preventing and destroying Red Spider, Green Fly, &c. Harmless in 

use. Its soluble sulphur, &c., has for 40 years cured blights and fungus 

on plants. It is also useful for washing unhealthy dogs. 

"GISHURSTINE" 

For the protection of Boots and Shoes from damp, ensuring comfort 

and health to the wearers. Boots treated with Gishurstine take polish. 

It is also good for use on harness. 

SOFT SOAP 

Specially prepared as an insecticide, including 
" SOFT SOAP and Quassia." " SOFT SOAP and Paraffin." 

To be obtained from all dealers in Horticultural Requisites, or Wholesale from 

PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE COMPANY, Limited, 

LONDON, LIVERPOOL and MANCHESTER. 



SPRAYING APPARATUS, 

SPRAY FLUIDS, 

Insecticides & Fungicides, 

A SPECIALITY. 

I IVFRQinPE Horticultural 
LIlLllUlllULj Sundrlesman, 

41, High Street, EVESHAM. 



WIREWORMS 

GRUBS, WOODLICK, LEATHERIACKETS, AXTS, BEETLES. 

Jl'LUS WORMS, EELWORMS, CEXTIPEDES, MILLIPEDES. 

PEARMIDGE, and all similar insects in the soil can rtradilv 

be destroyed bv 

VAPORITE. 



The annual loss sustained liy jirowers from the ravages of insects in the soil, 
if it could be calculated, would form an ama/ini^ total. 

These insects in the soil can readily be destroyed by VAPORITE — a material 
which is very inexpensive and very readily applied to almost all crops. 

The process usually consists of distributing the VAPORITE upon the soil and 
then digging it well into the ground beneath the insects. The V.AFORITE gas 
rises and destroys the insects. 

VAPORITE is a grey powder^ — it is non-poisonous and no special implements 
are required for its use. Full directions are sent with each consignment. 




NOT USING VAPORITE. USING VAPORITE. 

Above photo was taken from the actual crop without any niodldcatlon. 



SPECIMEN EXTRACTS OP TESTIMONIALS:— 

TOMATOES. 

il M K CI.Klli.iiii. Ni I.X111..UII1, uiilro.-"! \\*vc 
l(Mt fioo planu with Wircwurm. Since u»ini; >-Dur Vaporite 
have only lu»l one pl.-int." 



CARROTS. 

W. K. S \\%vhi»"T, hiirt>>n.<)ii' I rent, jiiit. i*t. I'^o."*. 
wrilnt . — " I>cciclcd lo i;ivc Va|xirilc a trial, (he result »eeni* 
exlrai>rdinary Un I d'l n<i* *ee any Wircwtirnt n.>w. and Ihc 
carrot« arc perfectly clean ami I't tyantifiil culor." 

PEARHIDOE. 

K. H 'Thclvelcm Hall. Scnlc, Nurftilk, Ncpl. 10, iqo'i, 
wtIIc« - " I am pleaaed lo uy II uved niy crop c4 pcariu" 



CUCUMBERS. 

J. \V,-Okc>iver Ua^;. .V.lili..iin:c. I>erl>y, UTile* : 
tplendid Ihini; (or kllllnK Woodltce on cucuniher hed>.' 



VAPORITE. 



Price 



IX'O Per Cwt. carriage paid. 
«:» IS- Per Ton. 



ASK FOR NEW BOOKLET No. 14 A. 



STRAWSONS, (":;') 71a, Queen Victoria St., LONDON, E.G. 



INSECTICIDES, Etc. 

(Sec also opposite page.) 

SODALIN. 

A concentrated Antiseptic Winter " Wash " for destroying 
Moss Lichen, Codhng Moth, American Bhght, and all insects 
which live in the bark of the trees in Winter. 

Sodalin is a great improvement upon the old-fashioned Winter 
"Washes." Its effect upon the trees is remarkable. 

STRAWSONITE. 

A concentrated Bordeaux mixture, guaranteed 98% pure, 
containing as much metallic copper as 98% pure Sulphate of 
copper itself. 

This Fungicide has been used on a very large scale in 
England for the last 15 years. It is the original material w^hich 
popularised Potato spraying in the British Isles. 

SULPHATE OF COPPER. 

Guaranteed 98 % pure, immediately soluble. By special process 
our Sulphate of Copper is rendered immediately soluble on cold 
water — it is altogether superior to the ordinary finely ground or 
powdered Sulphates. 

The Charlock spraying process introduced by Strawsons into 
England in 1898 has been of great assistance to thousands of 
farmers troubled with Charlock, or Yellow Weed, in their Corn. 

As it was found that the ordinary Sulphate of Copper was 
very inconvenient for this process this special brand was put on 
the market. 

OTHER INSECTICIDES, Etc. 

The HOUSE of STRAWSONS, estabhshed over a quarter 
of a century, concentrates its attention exclusively upon such 
products and is the largest of its kind in the World. 



STRAWSONS, (T) 71a, Queen Victoria St., LONDON, E.G. 



SPECIAL 
NOTICE 




FOR 
1908. 



tF YOU WANT 



REALLY GOOD BULBS AND SEEDS 



AT MODERATE PRICES, 
send to 



MR. ROBERT SYDENHAM, 

TENBY STREET. BIRMINGHAM. 

No one xvlll serve you better. 



HIS UNIQUE LISTS 

sent post free on application. 

Are acknowledged by all to be tlie Best, Cheai>e.--t, and most Reliable ever 
published. They contain only the Hest 

VEGETABLES, FLOWERS AND BULBS 

WORTH GROWING. 

Being the Selections of the Largest Seed Growei-s, Maiket Gardeners, and 
the most celebrated Professional Gardenere and Ainiiteiirs in the Kingdom. 
They a'so contain very useful cultural instructions. 

SWEET PEAS A SPECIALITY. 

No flowers give so much cut hlonui at so little cost and tiouble if tre«t<Ki as 
in>t! U'tions sent witn each ('olleotii>n. 

12 good varieties, 50 seeds of each in separate packets, 
Is 6d ; l'.i better varieties, 50 seeds of each, Is. 9d ; or the 
Two Collections for 2s. 6d. ; a Third Collection of the 12 best 
varieties, BO seeds of each, 28 ; or the Three Collections, 
48. post free, and a Packet of the four best striped and four 
other varieties free of charge; the best and cheapest 
Collection ever offered, at about One Penny a Packet. 

THE BEST TOMATOES, 3d. per packet of 200 Seeds. 
THE BEST CUCUMBERS, 6d per packet of 10 Seeds. 

THE BEST ONIONS FOR EXHIBITION. 

EXCELSIOR, 6d. per packet of about l,500 Seeds. 
AIL8A CRAIQ, 6d. per packet of about 1,200 Seeds. 
I'linsr compare tlusr pricrs irif/i u-hnt you nrr pai/i»{j. 
AUL OTHER SEEDS EQUALLY CHEAP AND GOOD 

Mr SYDENHAM'S SEEDS AND BULBS have been represented 
and gained as many First Prizes at London, Birminghnm, 
Cardiff, Preston. Edinburgh, NewcaBtlc-on-Tync, Plymouth, 
Hanloy, Shrewsbury, Taunton, Wolverhampton, Ac, &c , for 

the past twelve years, na any firm In England 
FULL LISTS POST FREE ON APPLICATION. 



STANDLEY BELCHER & MASON, Ltd., 

LUDGATE HILL, BIRMINGHAM. 



Telephone No. sszs. Telegrams— " Laboratory, Birmingham." 
Contractors to most of the largest institutions and works in the country. 

EVERY DESCRIPTION OF 

SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS, 



and 



PURE CHEMICALS FOR ANALYSIS. 

(Good Stock of Kahltaaum's and Merck's make.) 



Our PURE ACIDS are made at our own Acid Works, 
Hooper Street, and are free from the impurities found in many 
so=calIed Pure Acids. 

BALANCES with agate knife edges, so fitted that should 
they be damaged they can be replaced in a few minutes without 
returning to the maker. 

MICROSCOPES— Leitz, Zeiss, Reichert, and other makes. 

GLASS WARE- Jena (R) and Josef Kavalier's make in stock. 

PURE SILICA WARE, opaque and transparent. 

PORCELAIN — Genuine Royal Berlin (Sceptre mark), and 
other makes. 

GRADUATED INSTRUMENTS, "Normal," highest accuracy. 



FINEST QUALITY, REASONABLE PRICES. 

ORDERS HAVE THE PERSONAL ATTENTION OF THE PRINCIPALS. 

CATALOGUES FREE UPON APPLICATION. 



SULPHUR, SULPHATE OF COPPER, LIME, QUASSIA, Etc., 

for Horticultural Purposes. 






BY 

APPOINTMENT 






'*]? 



TO 

H.M. THE KING. 



A Revolution in Fruit Culture. 



FLUID 



The WINTER SPRAY-FLUID, Kills the eggs of Insects 
and Mites, and the Spores of Fungi. 



MR. W. EDMONDS, of Rede Court, Strood, Kent, 7('iitcs: — 

"The benefits of V1 fluid were simply marvellous. The 
trees sprayed with it were clean, free from insect pests, and 
from ail mosses and lichens, the foliage was beautiful and 
the fruit as perfect as I ever expect to grow it, while on the 
unsprayed trees the condition of both the foliage and the 
fruit was so inferior that one could hardly believe the fruit 
was grown in the same orchard. I am quite sure that the V1 
and V2 fluids manufactured by Messrs. Cooper, of Berkhamsted, 
are a \fery long way ahead of anything which has ever before 
been introduced to the fruit-grower. "—AVh/zs/; Gnzctle. 



FLUID 



The SUMMER SPRAY-FLUID, is deadly to Aphis. Psylla, 

and Scale Insects, and does not injure 

Leaf or Blossom. 

Send for Tree IJooklef. " TMH SPRAVfSa OF rRi'lT TKEns," which rIvc.< full 
pnrtlculur.s of these wonderful Insecticides. 



Manufactured by 

Wm. COOPER & NEPHEWS, Berkhamsted, England. 



L BRARY OF CONGRESS 



INSTRUMENT; 



002 810 355 4 



OF 



ACCURACY AND PRECISION 



ARE 



DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED 



IN 

Laboratory Requisites, 

CHEMISTRY. VOL. 1. 



The following Sections are dealt with : — 

Agricultural Analysis, Bacteriology, Cement Testing, Brewing, 

Gas Analysis, Meteorology, Microscopy, 

Mining, Spectroscopy, 

etc., etc. 



PHYSICAL INSTRUMENTS ARE DEALT WITH 
IN A SEPARATE VOLUME. 



THE ABOVE 

will be forwarded free 

TO 

PRINCIPALS. 
PROFESSORS, and 
SCIENCE MASTERS. 

UPON APPLICATION TO ^— 

PHILIP HARRIS & Co., Ltd., 

Edmund Street, 
BIRMINGHAM. 



